宇宙中最热的超流体和超导体：发现和核物理意义
The hottest superfluid and superconductor in the Universe: Discovery and nuclear physics implications
摘要：
我们介绍了最近的工作，利用中子星的天文观测，揭示了独特的见解核物质，不能从地球上的实验室。首先，我们讨论了我们对银河系中最年轻的中子星的快速冷却的测量，这为中子星的超核核心中的超流性和超导性提供了第一个直接证据。我们表明，观测到的热核X射线爆发的中子星可以用来约束性质的中子超流性和中微子发射。我们描述了快速中子星自转速率对核物理和超流体物理的影响。最后，我们表明，夹带之间的中子超流和核晶格的耦合导致一个不太流动的地壳超流，这一结果提出了问题的脉冲星故障的传统图片仅仅是由于地壳超流，并建议核心超流也参与。
英文摘要：
We present recent work on using astronomical observations of neutron stars to reveal unique insights into nuclear matter that cannot be obtained from laboratories on Earth. First, we discuss our measurement of the rapid cooling of the youngest neutron star in the Galaxy; this provides the first direct evidence for superfluidity and superconductivity in the supra-nuclear core of neutron stars. We show that observations of thermonuclear X-ray bursts on neutron stars can be used to constrain properties of neutron superfluidity and neutrino emission. We describe the implications of rapid neutron star rotation rates on aspects of nuclear and superfluid physics. Finally, we show that entrainment coupling between the neutron superfluid and the nuclear lattice leads to a less mobile crust superfluid; this result puts into question the conventional picture of pulsar glitches as being solely due to the crust superfluid and suggests that the core superfluid also participates.
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