没有东西可以同时是超导体和超流体吗？
Can nothing be a superconductor and a superfluid?
摘要：
超导体是一种无电阻传导电流的材料。超导性和磁性被认为是对立的现象：超导体排斥弱的外部磁场（迈斯纳效应），而足够强的磁场通常会破坏超导性。在一个看似矛盾的陈述中，我们证明了一个非常强的磁场可以把一个空的空间变成超导体。产生这种效应所需的外部磁场约为10^{16}特斯拉（eB ~ 1 GeV^2）。奇异真空超导的物理机制如下：在强磁场中，虚夸克和反夸克的动力学实际上是一维的，因为这些带电粒子倾向于沿着磁场的线运动。在一维空间中，夸克和反夸克之间的胶子吸引不可避免地导致形成无色的自旋三重态（库珀对的矢量模拟），其量子数是带电ρ介子的量子数。这样的夸克-反夸克对凝聚形成各向异性的非均匀超导态，类似于II型超导体中的Abrikosov涡旋晶格。荷电ρ介子的超导电性的开始也应该引起中性ρ介子的非均匀超流性。真空超导性应该在10^{12} K（T ~ 100 MeV）的典型量子色动力学（QCD）标度的非常高的温度下存在。我们提出了“磁场-温度”平面上的QCD相图。
英文摘要：
A superconductor is a material that conducts electric current with no resistance. Superconductivity and magnetism are known to be antagonistic phenomena: superconductors expel weak external magnetic field (the Meissner effect) while a sufficiently strong magnetic field, in general, destroys superconductivity. In a seemingly contradictory statement, we show that a very strong magnetic field can turn an empty space into a superconductor. The external magnetic field required for this effect should be about 10^{16} Tesla (eB ~ 1 GeV^2). The physical mechanism of the exotic vacuum superconductivity is as follows: in strong magnetic field the dynamics of virtual quarks and antiquarks is effectively one-dimensional because these electrically charged particles tend to move along the lines of the magnetic field. In one spatial dimension a gluon-mediated attraction between a quark and an antiquark of different flavors inevitably leads to formation of a colorless spin-triplet bound state (a vector analogue of the Cooper pair) with quantum numbers of an electrically charged rho meson. Such quark-antiquark pairs condense to form an anisotropic inhomogeneous superconducting state similar to the Abrikosov vortex lattice in a type-II superconductor. The onset of the superconductivity of the charged rho mesons should also induce an inhomogeneous superfluidity of the neutral rho mesons. The vacuum superconductivity should survive at very high temperatures of typical Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) scale of 10^{12} K (T ~ 100 MeV). We propose the phase diagram of QCD in the plane "magnetic field - temperature".
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