关于基本粒子质量的起源
On the Origin of Elementary Particle Masses
摘要：
基本粒子物理学中最古老的谜团是：观测到的基本粒子的质量从何而来？受经验粒子质谱观测的启发，我们提出基本粒子的质量仅仅是由于与粒子相关的场的自相互作用而产生的。因此，我们假设质量正比于场与自身相互作用的强度。一个简单的应用程序，这一想法的费米子被认为是产生一个质量的中微子在直接的实验上限和正确的数量级预测之间的中微子，带电轻子和夸克的质量分离的约束。中微子只通过弱力相互作用，因此变成光。电子也通过电磁相互作用，因此变得更重。夸克也有强相互作用，变得很重。光子是唯一保持无质量的基本粒子，因为它不带电。胶子获得的质量与夸克相当，或者由于更大的色荷而略大。包括标准模型之外的粒子，引力子并不是完全没有质量，但由于它们非常弱的自相互作用，所以非常轻。一些直接的物理上有趣的结果出现：i）胶子有一个有效射程$\sim 1$ fm，物理上解释了为什么QCD有有限的射程; ii）引力有一个有效射程$\sim 100$ Mpc，与已知的最大结构一致;宇宙空洞iii）引力波即使在真空中也会发生色散，并具有所有五种偏振（不仅仅是$m=0$的两个），这也许可以解释为什么它们还没有被检测到。
英文摘要：
The oldest enigma in fundamental particle physics is: Where do the observed masses of elementary particles come from? Inspired by observation of the empirical particle mass spectrum we propose that the masses of elementary particles arise solely due to the self-interaction of the fields associated with a particle. We thus assume that the mass is proportional to the strength of the interaction of the field with itself. A simple application of this idea to the fermions is seen to yield a mass for the neutrino in line with constraints from direct experimental upper limits and correct order of magnitude predictions of mass separations between neutrinos, charged leptons and quarks. The neutrino interacts only through the weak force, hence becomes light. The electron interacts also via electromagnetism and accordingly becomes heavier. The quarks also have strong interactions and become heavy. The photon is the only fundamental particle to remain massless, as it is chargeless. Gluons gain mass comparable to quarks, or slightly larger due to a somewhat larger color charge. Including particles outside the standard model proper, gravitons are not exactly massless, but very light due to their very weak self-interaction. Some immediate and physically interesting consequences arise: i) Gluons have an effective range $\sim 1$fm, physically explaining why QCD has finite reach ii) Gravity has an effective range $\sim 100$ Mpc coinciding with the largest known structures; the cosmic voids iii) Gravitational waves undergo dispersion even in vacuum, and have all five polarizations (not just the two of $m=0$), which might explain why they have not yet been detected.
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