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arXiv 1208.3758astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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一个简单的恒星形成定律

A Simple Law of Star Formation

Paolo Padoan, Troels Haugboelle, AAke Nordlund

摘要:

我们表明,超声速MHD湍流产生的恒星形成率(SFR)低分子云(MC)中观察到的,为特征值的自由落体时间除以动力学时间,$t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$,alfvénic马赫数,${\cal M}_{\rm a}$,和音速马赫数,${\cal M}_{\rm s}$。使用一个非常大的深度自适应网格细化模拟,我们量化的依赖性的SFR每自由落体时间,$ε_{\rm ff}$,对上述参数。我们的主要结果是:i)对于恒定的$t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$和${\cal M}_{\rm a}$值,$ε_{\rm ff}$随着$t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$的增加而指数地减小,但是对${\cal M}_{\rm s}$的变化不敏感。ii)减小${\cal M}_{\rm a}$的值(更强的磁场)使$ε_{\rm ff}$减小,但仅减小到一个点,超过该点$ε_{\rm ff}$随着${\cal M}_{\rm a}$的进一步减小而增加。iii)对于恒星形成区特有的${\cal M}_{\rm a}$值,$ε_{\rm ff}$随${\cal M}_{\rm a}$的变化小于2倍。我们提出了一个简单的恒星形成的法律,根据经验拟合的最小$ε_{\rm ff}$,并只依赖于$t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$:$ε_{\rm ff} \approx ε_{\rm wind} \exp(-1.6 \,t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn})$。因为它只依赖于平均气体密度和均方根速度,这个定律在星系形成和演化的模拟和分析模型中很容易实现。

英文摘要:

We show that supersonic MHD turbulence yields a star formation rate (SFR) as low as observed in molecular clouds (MCs), for characteristic values of the free-fall time divided by the dynamical time, $t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$, the alfvénic Mach number, ${\cal M}_{\rm a}$, and the sonic Mach number, ${\cal M}_{\rm s}$. Using a very large set of deep adaptive-mesh-refinement simulations, we quantify the dependence of the SFR per free-fall time, $ε_{\rm ff}$, on the above parameters. Our main results are: i) $ε_{\rm ff}$ decreases exponentially with increasing $t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$, but is insensitive to changes in ${\cal M}_{\rm s}$, for constant values of $t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$ and ${\cal M}_{\rm a}$. ii) Decreasing values of ${\cal M}_{\rm a}$ (stronger magnetic fields) reduce $ε_{\rm ff}$, but only to a point, beyond which $ε_{\rm ff}$ increases with a further decrease of ${\cal M}_{\rm a}$. iii) For values of ${\cal M}_{\rm a}$ characteristic of star-forming regions, $ε_{\rm ff}$ varies with ${\cal M}_{\rm a}$ by less than a factor of two. We propose a simple star-formation law, based on the empirical fit to the minimum $ε_{\rm ff}$, and depending only on $t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn}$: $ε_{\rm ff} \approx ε_{\rm wind} \exp(-1.6 \,t_{\rm ff}/t_{\rm dyn})$. Because it only depends on the mean gas density and rms velocity, this law is straightforward to implement in simulations and analytical models of galaxy formation and evolution.

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