活动星系核喷流和多重斜激波加速：饥饿谱
Active Galactic Nuclei Jets and Multiple Oblique Shock Acceleration: Starved Spectra
摘要：
活动星系核（AGN）的喷流和热点中的激波是极高能量宇宙线粒子（10^18eV以上）的一个重要来源。将它们的谱外推到它们从某个冲击中可能的注入能量，意味着对于指数~-2的谱来说，有一个巨大的隐藏能量。一些分析表明，粒子在源处的注入光谱陡峭到-2.4到-2.7，使问题变得更糟，数量级为10^6。然而，似乎不太可能的是，超过最好的1/3的喷流能量，进入所需的高能粒子通量，因此，人们需要考虑到存在能量问题的可能性，我们希望在这项工作中解决这个问题。连续的斜激波特征序列，或锥形激波，已经被理论化，并最终在许多活动星系核喷流中被观测到。在此基础上，我们通过类比使用的“康普顿"效应，我们提出了一个方案的一个单一的注入粒子的加速连续的几个斜激波沿轴的活动星系核喷流。我们使用详细的测试粒子近似蒙特卡罗模拟，以计算粒子谱加速在这样的冲击模式，同时监测加速的效率，计算微分谱。我们发现，一系列斜激波的第一个激波建立了一个能量为~E^-2.7的低能幂律谱。连续的冲击推动频谱的能量，呈现较平坦的分布陡峭的截止和特征的低能量耗尽，这种效果可以解释令人困惑的明显额外的源功率以及平坦或倒置的光谱从遥远的耀斑源。
英文摘要：
Shocks in jets and hot spots of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are one prominent class of possible sources of very high energy cosmic ray particles (above 10^18eV). Extrapolating their spectrum to their plausible injection energy from some shock, implies an enormous hidden energy for a spectrum of index ~-2. Some analyzes suggest the particles' injection spectrum at source to be as steep as -2.4 to -2.7, making the problem much worse, by a factor of order 10^6. Nevertheless, it seems implausible that more than at the very best 1/3 of the jet energy, goes into the required flux of energetic particles thus, one would need to allow for the possibility that there is an energy problem, which we would like to address in this work. Sequences of consecutive oblique shock features, or conical shocks, have been theorized and eventually observed in many AGN jets. Based on that, we use by analogy the 'Comptonisation' effect and we propose a scenario of a single injection of particles which are accelerated consecutively by several oblique shocks along the axis of an AGN jet. We use detailed test-particle approximation Monte Carlo simulations in order to calculate particle spectra by acceleration at such a shock pattern while monitoring the efficiency of acceleration, calculating differential spectra. We find that the first shock of a sequence of oblique shocks, establishes a low energy power-law spectrum with ~E^-2.7. The consecutive shocks push the spectrum up in energy, rendering flatter distributions with steep cut-offs and characteristic depletion at low energies, an effect which could explain the puzzling apparent extra source power as well as the flat or inverted spectra from distant flaring sources.
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