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arXiv 1206.4282astro-ph.SR
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经典造父变星的X射线、UV和光学观测:造父变星演化及其大气加热和动力学的新见解

X-Ray, UV and Optical Observations of Classical Cepheids: New Insights into Cepheid Evolution, and the Heating and Dynamics of Their Atmospheres

Scott G. Engle, Edward F. Guinan

摘要:

为了扩大对经典造父变星结构、演化和大气的理解,我们通过获得XMM/钱德拉X射线观测结果以及哈勃空间望远镜(HST)/宇宙起源摄谱仪(COS)对明亮的造父变星附近的北极星δ Cep和β Dor的FUV-UV光谱,延长了造父变星计划的持续秘密寿命。国际紫外探测器(IUE)先前的研究表明造父变星中的紫外线发射线数量有限。众所周知的问题,散射光污染的IUE光谱的明亮的恒星,随着HST/COS提供的优秀的灵敏度和分辨率组合,动机这项研究,得到的光谱比我们预期的更丰富和复杂得多。观测到了大量的发射谱线,表明10^4 K到~3 x 10^5 K的等离子体,表明造父变星有着复杂的、动态的外层大气,这些大气也随着光球脉动周期而变化。FUV谱线发射峰值在相位范围λ ~ 0.8-1.0内,变化因子高达10倍。当HST/COS的结果与我们用XMM-牛顿和钱德拉获得的相同恒星的X射线观测相结合时,就完成了造父变星外层大气的更完整的图片。迄今为止探测到的造父变星的X射线亮度为log Lx ~ 28.5-29.1尔格/秒,等离子体温度在2-8 × 10^6 K范围内。考虑到增强发射的相位定时,最合理的解释是形成了一个脉冲诱导的冲击,激发(和加热)光球周围的大气等离子体。脉冲驱动的α^2等效发电机机制也是一个可行且有趣的替代方案。然而,增强发射的紧密相空间(峰值在0.8-1.0 μ m附近)支持冲击加热机制假说。

英文摘要:

To broaden the understanding of classical Cepheid structure, evolution and atmospheres, we have extended our continuing secret lives of Cepheids program by obtaining XMM/Chandra X-ray observations, and Hubble space telescope (HST) / cosmic origins spectrograph (COS) FUV-UV spectra of the bright, nearby Cepheids Polaris, δ Cep and β Dor. Previous studies made with the international ultraviolet explorer (IUE) showed a limited number of UV emission lines in Cepheids. The well-known problem presented by scattered light contamination in IUE spectra for bright stars, along with the excellent sensitivity & resolution combination offered by HST/COS, motivated this study, and the spectra obtained were much more rich and complex than we had ever anticipated. Numerous emission lines, indicating 10^4 K up to ~3 x 10^5 K plasmas, have been observed, showing Cepheids to have complex, dynamic outer atmospheres that also vary with the photospheric pulsation period. The FUV line emissions peak in the phase range ϕ ~ 0.8-1.0 and vary by factors as large as 10x. A more complete picture of Cepheid outer atmospheres is accomplished when the HST/COS results are combined with X-ray observations that we have obtained of the same stars with XMM-Newton & Chandra. The Cepheids detected to date have X-ray luminosities of log Lx ~ 28.5-29.1 ergs/sec, and plasma temperatures in the 2-8 x 10^6 K range. Given the phase-timing of the enhanced emissions, the most plausible explanation is the formation of a pulsation-induced shocks that excite (and heat) the atmospheric plasmas surrounding the photosphere. A pulsation-driven α^2 equivalent dynamo mechanism is also a viable and interesting alternative. However, the tight phase-space of enhanced emission (peaking near 0.8-1.0 ϕ) favor the shock heating mechanism hypothesis.

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