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arXiv 1201.6359astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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镓中的金属丰度:镓由内而外形成吗?

Metallicity Gradients in Disks: Do Galaxies Form Inside-Out?

K. Pilkington, C. G. Few, B. K. Gibson, F. Calura, L. Michel-Dansac, R. J. Thacker, M. Molla, F. Matteucci, A. Rahimi, D. Kawata, C. Kobayashi, C. B. Brook, G. … 展开作者

K. Pilkington, C. G. Few, B. K. Gibson, F. Calura, L. Michel-Dansac, R. J. Thacker, M. Molla, F. Matteucci, A. Rahimi, D. Kawata, C. Kobayashi, C. B. Brook, G. S. Stinson, H. M. P. Couchman, J. Bailin, J. Wadsley

摘要:

我们研究径向和垂直金属丰度梯度使用一套磁盘星系模拟,补充了两个经典的化学演化方法。我们确定了梯度的变化率,并调和了“由内而外”磁盘增长范式中现存模型和观察结果之间的差异。一个样本的25个磁盘,包括19个从我们的RaDES(拉美西斯磁盘环境研究)样本,实现自适应网格细化代码RAMSES。从MUGS(McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Simulations,麦克马斯特无偏星系模拟)样本中选择了四个圆盘,这些圆盘是用平滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)代码GASOLINE生成的,旁边是Rahimi等人(GCD+)和Kobayashi & Nakasato(GRAPE-SPH)的圆盘。两个化学演化模型的内面向外磁盘生长的径向梯度的时间演化与模拟的对比。我们发现,与MUGS样本相比,RADES和化学演化模型中径向丰度梯度的预测演化之间存在系统差异;具体而言,MUGS模拟在高红移时系统更陡峭,并且在其梯度中呈现出更快速的演化。我们发现,大多数的模型预测径向梯度今天是一致的,在晚型磁盘中观察到的,但它们演变到这种自相似性在不同的时尚,尽管每个坚持经典的“内向外”的增长。我们发现,径向依赖的效率与恒星形成作为时间的函数驱动的差异中看到的梯度;系统的差异,在次网格物理之间的各种代码负责设置这些梯度。最近,虽然有限的,在红移z=1.5的数据是一致的,在我们的SPH样本中看到的陡峭的梯度,这表明可能需要适度的经典化学演化模型的修订。

英文摘要:

We examine radial and vertical metallicity gradients using a suite of disk galaxy simulations, supplemented with two classic chemical evolution approaches. We determine the rate of change of gradient and reconcile differences between extant models and observations within the `inside-out' disk growth paradigm. A sample of 25 disks is used, consisting of 19 from our RaDES (Ramses Disk Environment Study) sample, realised with the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES. Four disks are selected from the MUGS (McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Simulations) sample, generated with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code GASOLINE, alongside disks from Rahimi et al. (GCD+) and Kobayashi & Nakasato (GRAPE-SPH). Two chemical evolution models of inside-out disk growth were employed to contrast the temporal evolution of their radial gradients with those of the simulations. We find that systematic differences exist between the predicted evolution of radial abundance gradients in the RaDES and chemical evolution models, compared with the MUGS sample; specifically, the MUGS simulations are systematically steeper at high-redshift, and present much more rapid evolution in their gradients. We find that the majority of the models predict radial gradients today which are consistent with those observed in late-type disks, but they evolve to this self-similarity in different fashions, despite each adhering to classical `inside-out' growth. We find that radial dependence of the efficiency with which stars form as a function of time drives the differences seen in the gradients; systematic differences in the sub-grid physics between the various codes are responsible for setting these gradients. Recent, albeit limited, data at redshift z=1.5 are consistent with the steeper gradients seen in our SPH sample, suggesting a modest revision of the classical chemical evolution models may be required.

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