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arXiv 1201.5591astro-ph.CO
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X射线团簇的三维形貌测量

Measuring the 3D shape of X-ray clusters

Johan Samsing, Andreas Skielboe, Steen H. Hansen

摘要:

星系团的观测和数值模拟强烈表明,热的团内X射线发射气体不是球对称的。在许多早期的研究中,由于数据质量有限,部分假设是球对称的,然而新的深层观测和仪器设计将使超越这一假设成为可能。当观察X射线气体时,测量温度和密度分布是感兴趣的,然而气体本身的空间形状也携带非常有用的信息。例如,人们认为星系团内部的X射线气体形状受到反馈机制、冷却和旋转的极大影响,因此测量这种形状可以间接提供有关这些机制的信息。本文提出了一种测量团簇内X射线发射气体三维形貌的新方法。我们可以仅从X射线观测测量形状,即该方法不需要与例如团簇质量或密度分布的独立测量相结合。这是可能的,当一个使用的全部光谱信息包含在观察到的光谱。我们证明了该方法通过测量径向依赖的形状沿视线CHANNEL模拟数据。我们发现,对于具有真实特征的X射线气体,如冷核和密度分布的双幂律,至少需要10^6个光子才能得到5 σ形状检测。我们说明了如何贝叶斯定理是用来找到最好的拟合模型的X射线气体,分析是非常重要的,在一个真实的观测场景中,真正的空间形状是未知的。如果使用X射线来估计总簇质量,则在拟合中不包括形状可能传播到质量偏差。我们讨论了这类空间形状的质量偏差。

英文摘要:

Observations and numerical simulations of galaxy clusters strongly indicate that the hot intracluster x-ray emitting gas is not spherically symmetric. In many earlier studies spherical symmetry has been assumed partly because of limited data quality, however new deep observations and instrumental designs will make it possible to go beyond that assumption. Measuring the temperature and density profiles are of interest when observing the x-ray gas, however the spatial shape of the gas itself also carries very useful information. For example, it is believed that the x-ray gas shape in the inner parts of galaxy clusters is greatly affected by feedback mechanisms, cooling and rotation, and measuring this shape can therefore indirectly provide information on these mechanisms. In this paper we present a novel method to measure the three-dimensional shape of the intracluster x-ray emitting gas. We can measure the shape from the x-ray observations only, i.e. the method does not require combination with independent measurements of e.g. the cluster mass or density profile. This is possible when one uses the full spectral information contained in the observed spectra. We demonstrate the method by measuring radial dependent shapes along the line of sight for CHANDRA mock data. We find that at least 10^6 photons are required to get a 5-σ detection of shape for an x-ray gas having realistic features such as a cool core and a double powerlaw for the density profile. We illustrate how Bayes' theorem is used to find the best fitting model of the x-ray gas, an analysis that is very important in a real observational scenario where the true spatial shape is unknown. Not including a shape in the fit may propagate to a mass bias if the x-ray is used to estimate the total cluster mass. We discuss this mass bias for a class of spacial shapes.

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