Transverse emission of preequilibrium nucleons, light clusters (complex particles) and charged pions from the isotopic $^{112,124}$Sn+$^{112,124}$Sn reactions at a beam energy of 400\emph{A} MeV, to extract the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy, are investigated within an isospin and momentum dependent transport model. Specifically, the double ratios of neutron/proton, triton/helium-3 and $π^{-}/π^{+}$ in the squeeze-out domain are analyzed systematically, which have the advantage of reducing the influence of the Coulomb force and less systematic errors. It is found that the transverse momentum distribution of isospin ratios strongly depend on the stiffness of nuclear symmetry energy, which would be a nice observable to extract the high-density symmetry energy. The collision centrality and the mass splitting of neutron and proton in nuclear medium play a significant role on the distribution structure of the ratios, but does not change the influence of symmetry energy on the spectrum.
The neck dynamics in Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions, to probe the nuclear symmetry energy in the domain of sub-saturation densities, is investigated within an isospin dependent transport model. The single and double ratios of neutron/proton from free nucleons and light clusters (complex particles) in the isotopic reactions are analyzed systematically. Isospin effects of particles produced from the neck fragmentations are explored, which are constrained within the midrapidities ($|y/y_{proj}|<$0.3) and azimuthal angles (70$^{o}\sim$110$^{o}$, 250$^{o}\sim$290$^{o}$) in semiperipheral nuclear…
The density-dependent nuclear symmetry energy is directly related to the isospin asymmetry for finite and infinite nuclear systems. It is critical to determine the coefficients of symmetry energy and its related observables as it holds great importance in different areas of nuclear physics, such as analyzing the structure of ground state exotic nuclei and neutron star study. The ground state bulk properties such as nuclear binding energy, quadrupole deformation, two-neutron separation energy, the differential variation of two-neutron separation energy, and root-mean-square charge radius for Sc…
Within an isospin and momentum dependent transport model, the dynamics of isospin particles (nucleons and light clusters) in Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions are investigated for constraining the isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass and the symmetry energy at subsaturation densities. The mass splitting of $m^{*}_{n}>m^{*}_{p}$ and $m^{*}_{n}<m^{*}_{p}$ in nuclear matter and the different stiffness of symmetry energy are used in the model. The single and double neutron to proton ratios of free nucleons and light particles are thoroughly investigated in the isotopic nuclear reactions of …
We study the neutron and proton dynamical behavior along the fragmentation path in semi-peripheral collisions: 58Fe+58Fe (charge asymmetric, N/Z = 1.23) and 58Ni+58Ni (charge symmetric, N/Z = 1.07), at 47 AMeV. We observe that isospin dynamics processes take place also in the charge-symmetric system 58Ni+58Ni, that may produce more asymmetric fragments. A neutron enrichment of the neck fragments is observed, resulting from the interplay between pre-equilibrium emission and the phenomenon of "isospin-migration". Both effects depend on the EoS (Equation of State) symmetry term. This point is ill…
The thermal and phase properties of a multifragmentation model which uses clusters as degrees of freedom, are explored as a function of isospin. A good qualitative agreement is found with the phase diagram of asymmetric nuclear matter as established by different mean-field models. In particular, from the convexity properties of the nuclear entropy, we show that uncharged finite nuclei display first and second order liquid-gas-like phase transitions. Different quantities are examined to connect the thermal properties of the system to cluster observables. In particular we show that fractionation…
The Gamow-Teller resonances (GTR) and isobaric analog states (IAS) of a sequence of even-even Sn target nuclei are calculated by using the framework of the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov model plus proton-neutron quasiparticle random-phase approximation. The calculation reproduces the experimental data on ground-state properties, as well as the excitation energies of the isovector excitations. It is shown that the isotopic dependence of the energy spacings between the GTR and IAS provides direct information on the evolution of neutron skin-thickness along the Sn isotopic chain. A new method i…
We study the isospin dynamics in fragment formation within the framework of an analytical model based on the spinodal decomposition scenario. We calculate the probability to obtain fragments with given charge and neutron number, focussing on the derivation of the width of the isotopic distributions. Within our approach this is determined by the dispersion of N/Z among the leading unstable modes, due to the competition between Coulomb and symmetry energy effects, and by isovector-like fluctuations present in the matter that undergoes the spinodal decomposition. Hence the widths exhibit a clear …
Isotopic fluctuations in fragment formation are investigated in a quasi-analytical description of the spinodal decomposition scenario. By exploiting the fluctuation-dissipation relations the covariance matrix of density fluctuations is derived as a function of the wave vector for nuclear matter at given values of density, charge asymmetry, temperature, and of the time that the system spends in the instability region. Then density fluctuations in ordinary space are implemented with a Fourier transform performed in a finite cubic lattice. Inside this box, domains with different density coexist, …
We investigate the isospin dependence of pseudospin symmetry in the chain of tin isotopes (from $^{120}$Sn until $^{170}$Sn). Using a Woods-Saxon parametrization of the nuclear potential for these isotopes we study in detail the effect of the vector-isovector $ρ$ and Coulomb potentials in the energy splittings of neutron and proton pseudospin partners in the isotopic chain. We conclude that the realization of nuclear pseudospin symmetry does not change considerably with the mass number, and is always favored for neutrons. We also find that the $ρ$ potential accounts for essentially all the pse…
We study the sensitivity of isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross section and symmetry energy on the collective transverse in-plane flow. We find that collective transverse flow in Ca+Ca reactions shows great sensitivity to isospin dependence of nn cross section and symmetry energy.
We study the transverse flow for systems having various N/Z ratios. We find the transverse flow is sensitive to N/Z ratio and, in fact, increases with N/Z of the system. The relative contribution of symmetry energy and isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross section is also investigated. We find the greater sensitivity of symmetry energy in the lighter systems compared to heavier ones.
We study the relative contribution of the symmetry energy and isospin dependence of the nucleon-nucleon cross section to the collective transverse in-plane flow for the reactions of Ca+Ca having N/Z varying from 1.0, 1.6 and 2.0. We see that role of symmetry energy to the flow increases with N/Z of the system.
The density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy is determined from a systematic study of the isospin dependent bulk properties of asymmetric nuclear matter using the isoscalar and the isovector components of density dependent M3Y interaction. The incompressibility $K_\infty$ for the symmetric nuclear matter, the isospin dependent part $K_{asy}$ of the isobaric incompressibility and the slope $L$ are all in excellent agreement with the constraints recently extracted from measured isotopic dependence of the giant monopole resonances in even-A Sn isotopes, from the neutron skin thickness of nuc…
We study the effect of isospin degree of freedom on balance energy throughout the mass range between 50 and 350 for two sets of isotopic systems with N/Z = 1.16 and 1.33 as well as isobaric systems with N/A = 1.0 and 1.4. Our findings indicate that different values of balance energy for two isobaric systems may be mainly due to the Coulomb repulsion. We also demonstrate clearly the dominance of Coulomb repulsion over symmetry energy.
The cross sections of fragments produced in 140 $A$ MeV $^{40,48}$Ca + $^9$Be and $^{58,64}$Ni + $^9$Be reactions are calculated by the statistical abration-ablation(SAA) model and compared to the experimental results measured at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University. The fragment isotopic and isotonic cross section distributions of $^{40}$Ca and $^{48}$Ca, $^{58}$Ni and $^{64}$Ni, $^{40}$Ca and $^{58}$Ni, and $^{48}$Ca and $^{64}$Ni are compared and the isospin dependence of the projectile fragmentation is studied. It is found that the isospin d…
Pseudo-spin symmetry in nuclei is investigated considering the Dirac equation with a Lorentz structured Woods-Saxon potential. The isospin correlation of the energy splittings of pseudo-spin partners with the nuclear potential parameters is studied. We show that in an isotopic chain, the pseudo-spin symmetry is better realized for neutrons than for protons. This behavior comes from balance effects amongst the central nuclear potential parameters. In general, we found an isospin asymmetry of the nuclear pseudo-spin interaction, opposed to the nuclear spin-orbit interaction which is quasi isospi…
We study the effect of isospin degree of freedom on balance energy throughout the mass range between 50 and 350 for two sets of isotopic systems with N/Z = 1.16 and 1.33 as well as isobaric systems with N/Z = 1.0 and 1.4. Our findings indicate that different values of balance energy for two isobaric systems may be mainly due to the Coulomb repulsion. We also demonstrate clearly the dominance of Coulomb repulsion over symmetry energy.
Based on the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) picture, we attempt to understand the nature of transverse flow in $_{28}Ni^{58}+_{28}Ni^{58}$ and $_{26}Fe^{58}+_{26}Fe^{58}$ systems at wide range of energies and impact parameters. The isospin dependence of balance energy in transverse flow is clearly visible. The results are compared with the experimental data available.
We study the equilibration of isospin degree of freedom in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions using an isospin-dependent BUU model. It is found that there exists a transition from the isospin equilibration at low energies to non-equilibration at high energies as the beam energy varies across the Fermi energy in central, asymmetric heavy-ion collisions. At beam energies around 55 MeV/nucleon, the composite system in thermal equilibrium but isospin non-equilibrium breaks up into two primary hot residues with N/Z ratios closely related to those of the target and projectile respectively. The…
We make a complete dynamical study of Isotopic spin conservation effects on the multiplicity distributions of both hard and soft pions emitted in a quark gluon plasma undergoing a non-equilibrium phase transition.
At very high energies, and in the central region ($x_F\simeq0$), the double-Pomeron exchange mechanism gives the dominant contribution to the production of hadrons with the positive $C$ parity and isospin $I=0$. Therefore, the observation of resonances in the states with $I=1$ will be indicative of their production or decay with the isotopic symmetry breaking. Here, we bear in mind the cases of the anomalous breaking of the isotopic symmetry, i.e., when the cross section of the process breaking the isospin is not of the order of $10^{-4}$ of the cross section of the allowed process but of the …
Within the framework of the dinuclear system model, the influence of mass asymmetry and the isospin effect on the production of exotic actinides have been investigated systematically. The isotopic yields populate in multinucleon transfer reactions of Ca(48), Kr(86), Xe(136), and U(238) bombarding on Cm(248) are analyzed and compared to the available experimental data. Systematics on the production of unknown actinides from Ac to Lr via the available stable elements on the earth (from Ar to U) as projectiles-induced reactions with $^{232}$Th, $^{238}$U and $^{248}$Cm are investigated thoroughly…
The equations for the solitons arbitrarily rotating in the ordinary and isotopic space are obtained. The wave functions of the corresponding dynamic states in the quantum case are found. The generalized matrix of the moments of inertia is degenerate for the O(2)-invariant configurations characteristic for the nucleon and delta-isobar. The equation for such configurations is established. It is shown that the spin-isospin rotation prevents the collapse of the soliton states in the SU(2) sigma-model. The entire consideration is based on the variational approach to the method of collective variabl…
The density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy is inspected using the Statistical Multifragmentation Model with Skyrme effective interactions. The model consistently considers the expansion of the fragments' volumes at finite temperature at the freeze-out stage. By selecting parameterizations of the Skyrme force that lead to very different equations of state for the symmetry energy, we investigate the sensitivity of different observables to the properties of the effective forces. Our results suggest that, in spite of being sensitive to the thermal dilation of the fragments' volumes, it …
We discuss fragmentation mechanisms and isospin transport occurring in central collisions between neutron rich systems at Fermi energies. In particular, isospin effects are analyzed looking at the correlations between fragment isotopic content and kinematical properties. Simulations are based on an approximate solution of the Boltzmann-Langevin (BL) equation. An attempt to solve the complete BL equation, by introducing full fluctuations in phase space is also discussed.
Using various relativistic mean-field models, including the nonlinear ones with meson field self-interactions, those with density-dependent meson-nucleon couplings, and the point-coupling models without meson fields, we have studied the isospin-dependent bulk and single-particle properties of asymmetric nuclear matter. In particular, we have determined the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy from these different relativistic mean-field models and compare the results with the constraints recently extracted from analyses of experimental data on isospin diffusion and isotopic scaling in…
The internal temperatures of fragments produced by an excited nuclear source are investigated using the microcanonical version of the Statistical Multifragmentation Model, with discrete energy. We focus on the fragments' properties at the breakup stage, before they have time to deexcite by particle emission. Since the adopted model provides the excitation energy distribution of these primordial fragments, it allows one to calculate the temperatures of different isotope families and infer on the sensitivity to their isospin composition. It is found that, due to the functional form of the nuclea…
We investigate the role of the Coulomb and the vector-isovector $ρ$ potentials in the asymmetry of the neutron and proton pseudospin splittings in nuclei. To this end, we solve the Dirac equation for the nucleons using central vector and scalar potentials with Woods-Saxon shape and $Z$ and $N-Z$ dependent Coulomb and $ρ$ potentials added to the vector potential. We study the effect of these potentials on the energy splittings of proton and neutron pseudospin partners along a Sn isotopic chain. We use an energy decomposition proposed in a previous work to assess the effect of a pseudospin-orbit…
Investigation of observables from nuclear multifragmentation reactions depending on isospin led to the development of a hybrid model. The mass and charge distribution as well as isotopic distribution was studied using this model for $^{112}$Sn+$^{112}$Sn reaction as well as $^{124}$Sn+$^{124}$Sn reactions at different energies. The agreement of the results obtained from the model with those from experimental data confirms the accuracy of the model. Isoscaling coefficients were extracted from these observables which can throw light on the symmetry energy coefficient. Another important facet of …
Within the framework of an isospin and momentum dependent transport model, the emissions of isospin particles (nucleons and light clusters) squeezed out in heavy-ion collisions are investigated as probes of the poorly known symmetry energy at high baryon density. Two different mass splittings of neutrons and protons in nuclear medium as $m_{n}^{\ast}>m_{p}^{\ast}$ and $m_{n}^{\ast}<m_{p}^{\ast}$ are used in the model and their influence on the isospin emission in heavy-ion collisions is discussed thoroughly. The competition between the stiffness and the momentum dependence of the symmetry pote…
Within an isospin-dependent transport model for nuclear reactions involving neutron-rich nuclei, we study the first-order direct transverse flow of protons and their second-order differential elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum. It is found that the differential elliptic flow of mid-rapidity protons, especially at high transverse momenta, is much more sensitive to the isospin dependence of the nuclear equation of state than the direct flow. Origins of these different sensitivities and their implications to the experimental determination of the isospin dependence of the nuclear e…
Isospin symmetry breaking is discussed as a tool for studying the nature and production mechanisms of light scalar mesons. We are concerned with isospin breaking effects with an amplitude $\sim\sqrt{m_d-m_u}$ (instead of the usual $\sim m_d-m_u$), where $m_u$ and $m_d$ are the $u$ and $d$ quark masses, whose magnitude and phase vary with energy in a resonance-like way characteristic of the $K\bar K$ threshold region. We consider a variety of reactions that can experimentally reveal (or have revealed) the mixing of $a^0_0(980)$ and $f_0(980) $ resonances that breaks the isotopic invariance due …
Predicting Quadrupole deformation via anisotropic flow and transverse momentum spectra in isotopic $\mathbf{\prescript{128-135}{54}{\mathrm{Xe}}}$ collisions at LHC
The longitudinal form factors of the weak vector current of particles with spin $ J = 1/2 $ and isospin $ I = 1/2 $ are determined by the mass difference and the charge radii of members of the isotopic doublets. The most promising reactions to measure these form factors are the reactions with large momentum transfers involving the spin-1/2 isotopic doublets with a maximum mass splitting. Numerical estimates of longitudinal form factors are given for nucleons and eight nuclear spin-1/2 isotopic doublets.
The influence of the isospin-independent, isospin- and momentum-dependent equation of state (EoS), as well as the Coulomb interaction on the pion production in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions (HICs) is studied for both isospin-symmetric and neutron-rich systems. The Coulomb interaction plays an important role in the reaction dynamics, and strongly influences the rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of charged pions. It even leads to the $π^-/π^+$ ratio deviating slightly from unity for isospin-{\it symmetric} systems. The Coulomb interaction between mesons and baryons is als…
Based on the Isospin-dependent transport model Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU), effects of the high momentum tail (HMT) of nucleon momentum distribution in colliding nuclei on some isospin-sensitive observables are studied in the semi-central $^{197}\rm {Au}+^{197}\rm {Au}$ reactions at incident beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon. It is found that the nucleon transverse flow, the difference of neutron and proton transverse flows, the nucleon elliptic flow and free neutron to proton ratio are all less sensitive to the HMT, while the isospin-sensitive nucleon elliptic flow difference is clearly a…
The electromagnetic inclusive transverse response of nuclear matter at saturation density is studied within the correlated basis function perturbation theory for momentum transfers q from 300 to 550 MeV/c. The correlation operator includes a Jastrow component, accounting for the short range repulsion, as well as longer range spin, tensor and isospin ones. The Schiavilla- Pandharipande-Riska model for the two-body electromagnetic currents, satisfying the continuity equation with realistic v_14 potentials, is adopted. Currents due to intermediate Delta-isobar excitations, are also included. The …
In this article we investigate the structure of the non-local part of the symmetry term, that leads to a splitting of the effective masses of protons and neutrons in asymmetric matter. Based on microscopic transport simulations we suggest some rather sensitive observables in collisions of neutron-rich (unstable) ions at intermediate ($RIA$) energies. In particular we focus the attention on pre-equilibrium nucleon emissions. We discuss interesting correlations between the N/Z content of the fast emitted particles and their rapidity or transverse momentum, that show a nice dependence on the pres…
The isoscaling behavior is investigated in the frame of Isospin dependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) models. The isotopic yields ratio $Y_2$/$Y_1$ for reactions $^{48}Ca$+$^{48}Ca$ and $^{40}Ca+^{40}Ca$ at different entrance channels are simulated and presented, the relationship between the isoscaling parameter and the entrance channel is analyzed, the results show that $α$ and $β$ reduce with the rise of incident energies and increase with the impact parameter b, which can be attributed to the temperature varying of the pre-fragments in different entrance channels. The relation of $α$ …
We study the N/Z dependence of balance energy (E$_{bal}$) for isotopic series of Ca having N/Z varying from 1.0 to 2.0. We show that the N/Z dependence of E$_{bal}$ is sensitive to symmetry energy and its density dependence at densities higher than saturation density and is insensitive towards the isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross section
Features of particle emission and critical point behavior are investigated as functions of the isospin of disassembling sources and temperature at a moderate freeze-out density for medium-size Xe isotopes in the framework of isospin dependent lattice gas model. Multiplicities of emitted light particles, isotopic and isobaric ratios of light particles show the strong dependence on the isospin of the dissociation source, but double ratios of light isotope pairs and the critical temperature determined by the extreme values of some critical observables are insensitive to the isospin of the systems…
To explore the strength, isospin dependence, and density dependence of the in-medium spin-orbit coupling that is poorly known but relevant for understanding the structure of rare isotopes, the nucleon spin up-down differential transverse flow is studied systematically by varying the beam energy and impact parameter of Au+Au collisions within a spin-isospin dependent transport model recently developed for investigating spin-related phenomena in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions. The optimal reaction conditions for delineating and disentangling effects of different terms in the spin-orbit…
Within a dynamical description of nuclear fragmentation, based on the liquid-gas phase transition scenario, we explore the relation between neutron-proton density fluctuations and nuclear symmetry energy. We show that, along the fragmentation path, isovector fluctuations follow the evolution of the local density and approach an equilibrium value connected to the local symmetry energy. Higher density regions are characterized by smaller average asymmetry and narrower isotopic distributions. This dynamical analysis points out that fragment final state isospin fluctuations can probe the symmetry …
Starting from light to superheavy nuclei, we have calculated the effective surface properties such as the symmetry energy, neutron pressure, and symmetry energy curvature using the coherent density fluctuation model. The isotopic chains of O, Ca, Ni, Zr, Sn, Pb, and Z = 120 are considered in the present analysis, which cover nuclei over the whole nuclear chart. The matter density distributions of these nuclei along with the ground state bulk properties are calculated within the spherically symmetric effective field theory motivated relativistic mean field model by using the recently developed …
Using an isospin- and momentum-dependent transport model we study the emission of free nucleons and the nuclear radial flow in central heavy-ion collisions induced by high energy radioactive beams. The midrapidity neutron/proton ratio and its transverse momentum dependence are found very sensitive to the high density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy. The nuclear radial flow, however, depends only weakly on the symmetry energy.
We develop a new framework of the self-consistent deformed proton-neutron quasiparticle-random-phase approximation (pnQRPA), formulated in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) single-quasiparticle basis. The same Skyrme force is used in both the HFB and pnQRPA calculations except in the proton-neutron particle-particle channel, where an S=1 contact force is employed. Numerical application is performed for Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions and $β$-decay rates in the deformed neutron-rich Zr isotopes located around the path of the rapid-neutron-capture process nucleosynthesis. It is found th…
Nucleon-nucleon (NN) cross sections are evaluated in neutron-rich matter using a scaling model according to nucleon effective masses. It is found that the in-medium NN cross sections are not only reduced but also have a different isospin dependence compared with the free-space ones. Because of the neutron-proton effective mass splitting the difference between nn and pp scattering cross sections increases with the increasing isospin asymmetry of the medium. Within the transport model IBUU04, the in-medium NN cross sections are found to influence significantly the isospin transport in heavy-ion …
A Skyrme-type momentum-dependent nucleon-nucleon force distinguishing isospin effect is parameterized and further implemented in the Lanzhou Quantum Molecular Dynamics (LQMD) model for the first time, which leads to a splitting of nucleon effective mass in nuclear matter. Based on the isospin- and momentum-dependent transport model, we investigate the influence of momentum-dependent symmetry potential on several isospin-sensitive observables in heavy-ion collisions. It is found that symmetry potentials with and without the momentum dependence but corresponding to the same density dependence of…
The FRS-ESR facility at GSI provides unique conditions for precision measurements of large areas on the nuclear mass surface in a single experiment. Values for masses of 604 neutron-deficient nuclides (30<=Z<=92) were obtained with a typical uncertainty of 30 microunits. The masses of 114 nuclides were determined for the first time. The odd-even staggering (OES) of nuclear masses was systematically investigated for isotopic chains between the proton shell closures at Z=50 and Z=82. The results were compared with predictions of modern nuclear models. The comparison revealed that the measured tr…
Within a self-consistent thermal model using an isospin and momentum dependent interaction (MDI) constrained by the isospin diffusion data in heavy-ion collisions, we investigate the temperature dependence of the symmetry energy $E_{sym}(ρ, T)$ and symmetry free energy $F_{sym}(ρ, T) $ for hot, isospin asymmetric nuclear matter. It is shown that the symmetry energy $E_{sym}(ρ, T)$ generally decreases with increasing temperature while the symmetry free energy $F_{sym}(ρ, T)$ exhibits opposite temperature dependence. The decrement of the symmetry energy with temperature is essentially due to the…
The N/Z dependence of projectile fragmentation at relativistic energies has been studied with the ALADIN forward spectrometer at the GSI Schwerionen Synchrotron (SIS). Stable and radioactive Sn and La beams with an incident energy of 600 MeV per nucleon have been used in order to explore a wide range of isotopic compositions. For the interpretation of the data, calculations with the statistical multifragmentation model for a properly chosen ensemble of excited sources were performed. The parameters of the ensemble, representing the variety of excited spectator nuclei expected in a participant-…
Within two different frameworks of isospin-dependent transport model, i.e., Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU04) and Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport models, sensitive probes of nuclear symmetry energy are simulated and compared. It is shown that neutron to proton ratio of free nucleons, pi-/pi+ ratio as well as isospin-sensitive transverse and elliptic flows given by the two transport models with their "best settings", all have obvious differences. Discrepancy of numerical value of isospin-sensitive n/p ratio of free nucleon from the two models mainly originates …
Based on the quark coalescence model for the parton-to-hadron phase transition in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions, we relate the elliptic flow ($v_2$) of high $\pt$ hadrons to that of high $\pt$ quarks. For high $\pt$ hadrons produced from an isospin symmetric and quark-antiquark symmetric partonic matter, magnitudes of their elliptic flows follow a flavor ordering as $(v_{2,π}=v_{2,N}) > (v_{2,Λ}=v_{2,Σ}) > v_{2,K} > v_{2,Ξ} > (v_{2,ϕ}=v_{2,Ω})$ if strange quarks have a smaller elliptic flow than light quarks. The elliptic flows of high $\pt$ hadrons further follow a simple quark coun…
We study the N/Z and N/A dependence of balance energy (E$_{bal}$) for isotopic series of Ca having N/Z (N/A) varying from 1.0 to 2.0 (0.5 to 0.67). We show that the N/Z (N/A) dependence of E$_{bal}$ is sensitive to symmetry energy and its density dependence at densities higher than saturation density and is insensitive towards the isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon (nn) cross section and Coulomb repulsion. We also study the effect of momentum dependent interactions (MDI) on the N/Z (N/A) dependence of E$_{bal}$. We find that although MDI influences the E$_{bal}$ drastically, the N/Z (N/A) d…
