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arXiv 1109.6574astro-ph.CO
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并合星系中的黑洞:与AGN寿命和并合剩余性质的关系

Recoiling Black Holes in Merging Galaxies: Relationship to AGN Lifetimes and Merger Remnant Properties

Laura Blecha, Thomas J. Cox, Abraham Loeb, Lars Hernquist

摘要:

中心超大质量黑洞(SMBH)是局部观测星系的普遍特征,大量证据表明SMBH及其宿主星系的生长密切相关。然而,在合并的情况下,引力波(GW)的反冲可能会将SMBH从银河系中心移开,或者将其完全弹出。为了探索这种现象的后果,我们使用气体星系合并,包括一系列BH反冲速度的流体动力学模拟。我们已经生成了一套超过200个模拟与超过60个合并模型,使我们能够识别反冲BH的行为的系统趋势-特别是(i)他们的动态,(ii)他们的可观察到的签名,(iii)他们对BH/星系共同进化的影响。(i)反冲BH轨迹在很大程度上取决于宿主星系的气体含量; BH距中心的最大位移可能在富含气体和缺乏气体的合并之间变化高达一个数量级。在某些情况下,反冲轨道还取决于BH合并相对于星系合并残余形成的时间。(ii)通过运动学偏移量(v> 800 km s ^-1)或空间偏移量(R> 1 kpc),可以观测到存在于1~1亿年寿命的活动星系核(AGN)。此外,反冲事件影响活动星系核的总寿命。GW反冲一般会减少明亮活动星系核的寿命,但可能会延长低光度活动星系核的寿命。(iii)快速反冲的黑洞的质量可能比静止的黑洞小5倍。这些质量缺陷降低了M-σ关系的归一化,并有助于内在和整体散射。此外,反冲事件取代了来自星系中心的AGN反馈,这提高了中心恒星的形成率。这导致了更长的星爆阶段和合并残留物中更高的中心恒星密度。

英文摘要:

Central supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are a ubiquitous feature of locally-observed galaxies, and ample evidence suggests that the growth of SMBHs and their host galaxies is closely linked. However, in the event of a merger, gravitational-wave (GW) recoil may displace a SMBH from its galactic center, or eject it entirely. To explore the consequences of this phenomenon, we use hydrodynamic simulations of gaseous galaxy mergers that include a range of BH recoil velocities. We have generated a suite of over 200 simulations with more than 60 merger models, enabling us to identify systematic trends in the behavior of recoiling BHs -- specifically (i) their dynamics, (ii) their observable signatures, and (iii) their effects on BH/galaxy co-evolution. (i) Recoiling BH trajectories depend heavily on the gas content of the host galaxy; maximal BH displacements from the center may vary by up to an order of magnitude between gas-rich and gas-poor mergers. In some cases, recoil trajectories also depend on the timing of the BH merger relative to the formation of the galaxy merger remnant. (ii) Recoiling BHs may be observable as offset active galactic nuclei (AGN) via either kinematic offsets (v > 800 km s^-1) or spatial offsets (R > 1 kpc) for lifetimes of about 1 - 100 Myr. In addition, recoil events affect the total AGN lifetime. GW recoil generally reduces the lifetimes of bright AGN, but may extend lower-luminosity AGN lifetimes. (iii) Rapidly-recoiling BHs may be up to about 5 times less massive than their stationary counterparts. These mass deficits lower the normalization of the M - sigma relation and contribute to both intrinsic and overall scatter. Furthermore, recoil events displace AGN feedback from the galactic center, which enhances central star formation rates. This results in longer starburst phases and higher central stellar densities in merger remnants.

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