Off-center stellar tidal disruption flares have been suggested to be a powerful probe of recoiling supermassive black holes (SMBHs) out of galactic centers due to anisotropic gravitational wave radiations. However, off-center tidal flares can also be produced by SMBHs in merging galaxies. In this paper, we computed the tidal flare rates by dual SMBHs in two merging galaxies before the SMBHs become self-gravitationally bounded. We employ an analytical model to calculate the tidal loss-cone feeding rates for both SMBHs, taking into account two-body relaxation of stars, tidal perturbations by the companion galaxy, and chaotic stellar orbits in triaxial gravitational potential. We show that for typical SMBHs with mass 10^7 M_\sun, the loss-cone feeding rates are enhanced by mergers up to Γ~ 10^{-2} yr^{-1}, about two order of magnitude higher than those by single SMBHs in isolated galaxies and about four orders of magnitude higher than those by recoiling SMBHs. The enhancements are mainly due to tidal perturbations by the companion galaxy. We suggest that off-center tidal flares are overwhelmed by those from merging galaxies, making the identification of recoiling SMBHs challenging. Based on the calculated rates, we estimate the relative contributions of tidal flare events by single, binary, and dual SMBH systems during cosmic time. Our calculations show that the off-center tidal disruption flares by un-bound SMBHs in merging galaxies contribute a fraction comparable to that by single SMBHs in isolated galaxies. We conclude that off-center tidal disruptions are powerful tracers of the merging history of galaxies and SMBHs.
The production of strong broad He II emission after the tidal disruption of a main-sequence star by a supermassive black hole
潮汐中断事件（TDE）PS1- 10 JH缺乏强大的巴耳末线，但表现出强大的，广泛的，他II发射前最大的光和至少8个月后。Gezari等人将其解释为一颗罕见的缺氢恒星破裂的证据。然而，Guillochon等人却认为，这颗被破坏的恒星是一颗正常的主序星，He II的辐射强度与巴耳末线相比，是因为它的辐射类似于活动星系核的宽线区（BLR），但缺乏外部低电离的BLR气体。我们发现He II 4686在PS1- 10 jh中的轮廓与活动星系核中高电离线的蓝移轮廓相似。我们发现PS1- 10 jh的He II 4686/H α比为~ 3.7。我们发现，无论是正常活动星系核的内部BLR的高速气体和冲击爆发后的II-P型超新星的光谱也产生非常高的He II 4686/H α比。因此，可以用太阳H/He丰度比产生高的He II 4686/H α比。我们从光电离模型中证明，如果密度为~ 10^{11} cm^{-3}，则可以在He++ Stroemgren长度之前截断BLR来产生估计的He II 4686/H α比率。PS1- 10 jh中He II 4686的发射与活动星系核内BLR的发射相似，这支持了TDE事件后的发射与正常活动星系核相似的观点。
Stellar Stripping and Disruption in Disks around Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: Repeating nuclear transients prior to LISA events
Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute（尼尔斯·玻尔国际学院，尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Chungbuk National University（忠北国立大学）；Aoyama Gakuin University（青山学院大学）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）
Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
Tidal Disruption Flares as the Source of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays
van Velzen等人（2011年）在SDSS存档数据中识别的两个潮汐破裂耀斑的光谱能量分布被发现与薄吸积盘模型非常吻合。此外，推断的超大质量黑洞质量值与由宿主星系性质估计的SMBH质量吻合得很好。整合模型的SED，包括较短的波长的贡献提供了一个估计的辐射热光度的吸积盘。由此产生的辐射热光度远远超过加速UHECR质子所需的最小值。结合最近对TDF率的观测估计（van Velzen和Farrar，这些论文集），这里提出的结果加强了在潮汐中断事件中形成的瞬态射流可能是加速所有或大多数UHECR的原因。
