合并残余物的轨道结构：1：1合并中气体分数的趋势
Orbital structure of merger remnants: Trends with gas fraction in 1:1 mergers
摘要：
由于分级合并中的剧烈弛豫是不完整的，椭圆星系在其现今的轨道结构中保留了大量关于其形成路径的信息。各种证据表明，富含气体的主合并在椭圆星系的形成中起着重要的作用。我们模拟1：1磁盘合并在7个不同的初始气体分数范围从0到40%，使用TreeSPH代码Gadget-2。我们对每个遗迹中的恒星轨道进行分类，并构建轨道内容，内在形状和方向的径向轮廓。无耗散残余物是典型的长轴-三轴轨道，在r_c ~ 1.5Reff范围内以盒轨道为主，在其外部以管轨道为主。随着气体含量的增加，r_c内的盒形轨道逐渐被净自转接近零的短轴管（z管）取代，残余物逐渐变扁和圆。长轴管（x-管）轨道是高度流动的，对气体部分相对不敏感，这意味着它们的角动量从动态冷初始条件中保留下来。在r_c之外，轨道结构基本上不受气体的影响。15-20%的气体残留物通常显示盘状运动学上不同的核心（KDC）。这些残骸在速度图和内在轨道结构上都与KDC星系NGC 4365有着有趣的相似之处（van den Bosch et al. 2008）。在30-40%的气体含量下，残留物快速旋转，并在~ 1 Reff尺度上有尖锐的嵌入盘。我们预测一个特征，物理直观的轨道结构1：1磁盘合并残留物，1和3Reff之间的一个明显的过渡，将很容易观察到的二维运动学调查SAURON和SMEAGOL的组合数据。
英文摘要：
Since the violent relaxation in hierarchical merging is incomplete, elliptical galaxies retain a wealth of information about their formation pathways in their present-day orbital structure. A variety of evidence indicates that gas-rich major mergers play an important role in the formation of elliptical galaxies. We simulate 1:1 disk mergers at seven different initial gas fractions ranging from 0 to 40%, using the TreeSPH code Gadget-2. We classify the stellar orbits in each remnant and construct radial profiles of the orbital content, intrinsic shape, and orientation. The dissipationless remnants are typically prolate-triaxial, dominated by box orbits within r_c ~ 1.5Reff, and by tube orbits in their outer parts. As the gas fraction increases, the box orbits within r_c are increasingly replaced by a population of short axis tubes (z-tubes) with near zero net rotation, and the remnants become progressively more oblate and round. The long axis tube (x-tube) orbits are highly streaming and relatively insensitive to the gas fraction, implying that their angular momentum is retained from the dynamically cold initial conditions. Outside r_c, the orbital structure is essentially unchanged by the gas. The 15-20% gas remnants often display disk-like kinematically distinct cores (KDCs). These remnants show an interesting resemblance, in both their velocity maps and intrinsic orbital structure, to the KDC galaxy NGC4365 (van den Bosch et al. 2008). At 30-40% gas, the remnants are rapidly rotating, with sharp embedded disks on ~ 1Reff scales. We predict a characteristic, physically intuitive orbital structure for 1:1 disk merger remnants, with a distinct transition between 1 and 3Reff that will be readily observable with combined data from the 2D kinematics surveys SAURON and SMEAGOL.
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