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arXiv 1107.5301math.CO
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关于树的一个拉姆齐理论的注记

Remarks on a Ramsey theory for trees

János Pach, József Solymosi, Gábor Tardos

摘要:

Furstenberg和Weiss(2003)扩展了Furstenberg对Szemerédi关于等差数列的定理的遍历理论证明,证明了以下定性结果。对于任意的d和k,存在一个整数N,使得对于深度为N的完全二叉树T_N,无论我们如何用k种颜色给其顶点着色,都能在T_N中找到T_d的单色副本,使得(1)T_d中同层的所有顶点都映射到T_N中同层的顶点;(2)如果T_d的顶点x映射到T_N中的顶点y,则x的两个子节点分别映射到T_N中y的两个子节点的后代节点;(3)该副本所占用的层构成一个等差数列。这个结果和它的密度版本意味着范德瓦尔登和Szemerédi的定理,并奠定了一个新的拉姆齐理论的基础。利用简单的计数变元和一个称为随机分裂的随机着色算法,我们证明了以下相关结果。设N=N(d,k)表示最小正整数,使得无论我们如何用k种颜色对深度为N的完全二叉树T_N的顶点着色,我们都能在T_N中找到满足上述性质(1)和(2)的T_d的单色副本。然后我们有N(d,k)=Θ(dk \log k)。我们还证明了这个结果的密度版本,结合Szemerédi定理,提供了一个非常短的组合证明的定量版本的Furstenberg-Weiss定理。

英文摘要:

Extending Furstenberg's ergodic theoretic proof for Szemerédi's theorem on arithmetic progressions, Furstenberg and Weiss (2003) proved the following qualitative result. For every d and k, there exists an integer N such that no matter how we color the vertices of a complete binary tree T_N of depth N with k colors, we can find a monochromatic replica of T_d in T_N such that (1) all vertices at the same level in T_d are mapped into vertices at the same level in T_N; (2) if a vertex x of T_d is mapped into a vertex y in T_N, then the two children of x are mapped into descendants of the the two children of y in T_N, respectively; and 3 the levels occupied by this replica form an arithmetic progression. This result and its density versions imply van der Waerden's and Szemerédi's theorems, and laid the foundations of a new Ramsey theory for trees. Using simple counting arguments and a randomized coloring algorithm called random split, we prove the following related result. Let N=N(d,k) denote the smallest positive integer such that no matter how we color the vertices of a complete binary tree T_N of depth N with k colors, we can find a monochromatic replica of T_d in T_N which satisfies properties (1) and (2) above. Then we have N(d,k)=Θ(dk\log k). We also prove a density version of this result, which, combined with Szemerédi's theorem, provides a very short combinatorial proof of a quantitative version of the Furstenberg-Weiss theorem.

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