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arXiv 1107.2235astro-ph.EP
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木星和土星附近行星胚胎相互碰撞引起天王星和海王星吸积的思考

Considerations on the accretion of Uranus and Neptune by mutual collisions of planetary embryos in the vicinity of Jupiter and Saturn

M. Jakubik, A. Morbidelli, L. Neslusan, R. Brasser

摘要:

模拟冰巨人天王星和海王星的形成是行星科学中一个长期存在的问题。由于气体阻力,碰撞阻尼和共振牧羊,行星胚胎排斥星子远离他们的范围,因此他们停止增长(Levison等人,2010)。这个问题仍然存在,与吸积是发生在冰巨星的当前位置还是靠近太阳无关。我们没有试图将行星胚胎的失控/寡头生长推到10-15个地球质量,而是设想了这样一种可能性,即微行星盘可以产生一个只有1-3个地球质量的行星胚胎系统。然后,我们研究这些胚胎是否可以相互碰撞,并成长到足以达到目前的天王星和海王星的质量。我们的研究结果指出了两个主要问题。首先,在土星之外形成和保留的第一和第二大质量核心之间通常存在很大的质量差异。其次,在许多模拟中,最终的行星系在土星之外有两个以上的物体。一颗大行星从胚胎系统中成长,需要对气体盘的偏心率和倾角进行强有力的阻尼。但是,强阻尼也有利于胚胎和核心找到稳定的共振结构,这样就可以找到两个以上的幸存物体的系统。除了这些问题之外,为了使胚胎之间有实质性的相互吸积,有必要假设气体的表面密度是最小质量太阳星云的几倍。然而,这与天王星和海王星形成于一个气体匮乏的圆盘的共同想法形成鲜明对比,这是由这些行星的大气中含有相对少量的氢和氦所暗示的。我们的模拟中只有一次“偶然”成功地再现了外太阳系的结构。

英文摘要:

Modeling the formation of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune is a long-lasting problem in planetary science. Due to gas-drag, collisional damping, and resonant shepherding, the planetary embryos repel the planetesimals away from their reach and thus they stop growing (Levison et al. 2010). This problem persists independently of whether the accretion took place at the current locations of the ice giants or closer to the Sun. Instead of trying to push the runaway/oligarchic growth of planetary embryos up to 10-15 Earth masses, we envision the possibility that the planetesimal disk could generate a system of planetary embryos of only 1-3 Earth masses. Then we investigate whether these embryos could have collided with each other and grown enough to reach the masses of current Uranus and Neptune. Our results point to two major problems. First, there is typically a large difference in mass between the first and the second most massive core formed and retained beyond Saturn. Second, in many simulations the final planetary system has more than two objects beyond Saturn. The growth of a major planet from a system of embryos requires strong damping of eccentricities and inclinations from the disk of gas. But strong damping also favors embryos and cores to find a stable resonant configuration, so that systems with more than two surviving objects are found. In addition to these problems, in order to have substantial mutual accretion among embryos, it is necessary to assume that the surface density of the gas was several times higher than that of the minimum-mass solar nebula. However this contrasts with the common idea that Uranus and Neptune formed in a gas-starving disk, which is suggested by the relatively small amount of hydrogen and helium contained in the atmospheres of these planets. Only one of our simulations "by chance" successfully reproduced the structure of the outer Solar System.

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