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arXiv 0910.3065astro-ph.EP
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巨行星上大尺度潜热加热产生赤道喷流

Generation of equatorial jets by large-scale latent heating on the giant planets

Yuan Lian, Adam P. Showman

摘要:

三维数值模拟表明,由水蒸气凝结产生的大尺度潜热加热可以产生类似于气体巨星(木星和土星)和冰巨星(天王星和海王星)的多个纬向喷流。对于合理的水丰度(木星/土星上的3-5倍太阳和天王星/海王星上的30倍太阳),我们的模拟产生了木星和土星的20个纬向喷流,天王星和海王星上的3个纬向喷流,类似于在这些行星上观察到的喷流数量。此外,这些木星/土星的情况下产生赤道超旋转,而天王星/海王星的情况下产生赤道次旋转,与观测到的赤道喷流方向一致.敏感性测试表明,水的丰度,行星自转速率和行星半径都是控制因素,其中水起着最重要的作用;适度的水丰度、大的行星半径和快速的自转速率有利于赤道超自转,而大的水丰度则有利于赤道亚自转,无论行星半径和自转速率如何。考虑到木星和土星相对于天王星和海王星具有更大的半径、更快的自转速率以及可能更低的水丰度,我们的模拟因此为木星和土星上存在赤道超自转以及天王星和海王星上缺乏超自转提供了一种可能的机制。然而,土星可能会带来困难,因为我们的模拟无法解释该行星超旋转喷流的异常高速度(约400米/秒)。在我们的模拟纬向急流表现出适度的违反正压和Charney-Stern稳定性标准。总的来说,我们的模拟虽然是理想化的,但支持这样一种观点,即潜热在产生巨行星上的喷流中起着重要作用。

英文摘要:

Three-dimensional numerical simulations show that large-scale latent heating resulting from condensation of water vapor can produce multiple zonal jets similar to those on the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). For plausible water abundances (3-5 times solar on Jupiter/Saturn and 30 times solar on Uranus/Neptune), our simulations produce ~20 zonal jets for Jupiter and Saturn and 3 zonal jets on Uranus and Neptune, similar to the number of jets observed on these planets. Moreover, these Jupiter/Saturn cases produce equatorial superrotation whereas the Uranus/Neptune cases produce equatorial subrotation,consistent with the observed equatorial jet direction on these planets.Sensitivity tests show that water abundance, planetary rotation rate,and planetary radius are all controlling factors, with water playing the most important role; modest water abundances, large planetary radii, and fast rotation rates favor equatorial superrotation, whereas large water abundances favor equatorial subrotation regardless of the planetary radius and rotation rate. Given the larger radii, faster rotation rates, and probable lower water abundances of Jupiter and Saturn relative to Uranus and Neptune, our simulations therefore provide a possible mechanism for the existence of equatorial superrotation on Jupiter and Saturn and the lack of superrotation on Uranus and Neptune. Nevertheless, Saturn poses a possible difficulty, as our simulations were unable to explain the unusually high speed (~400m/s) of that planet's superrotating jet. The zonal jets in our simulations exhibit modest violations of the barotropic and Charney-Stern stability criteria. Overall, our simulations, while idealized, support the idea that latent heating plays an important role in generating the jets on the giant planets.

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