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arXiv 1104.3156astro-ph.CO
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宇宙学模拟中星系演化的流出流II:金属丰度和气体分数

Galaxy Evolution in Cosmological Simulations with Outflows II: Metallicities and Gas Fractions

Romeel Davé, Kristian Finlator, Benjamin D. Oppenheimer

摘要:

我们使用宇宙学流体动力学模拟来研究如何流入,恒星形成,和流出治理的气体和金属含量的星系。在我们的模拟中,星系金属丰度是由流入和流出之间的平衡所决定的质量流出率,这意味着质量-金属丰度关系反映了流出率如何随恒星质量(M*)而变化。气体含量由ISM内的流入量和气体消耗量之间的竞争确定,后者由SF定律支配,而前者受到风再循环和预防反馈的影响。流入率的随机变化使星系以与恒星形成率相关的方式偏离平衡的M*-Z和Z*-fgas关系,并且散射由时间尺度设置以重新平衡。这两个关系从z=3-0的演化是缓慢的,因为单个星系倾向于主要沿着关系演化。在一个给定的M* 下,气体分数随着时间的推移而缓慢下降,因为宇宙流入速率比消耗速率更快地减少,而金属丰度随着下落的气体变得更加富集而缓慢增加。从z~3-0的观测结果与采用动量驱动的风缩放而不是恒定风速的模拟结果更好地匹配,但所有模型都预测在低质量下气体分数过低,在高M* 下金属丰度过高。我们所有的模型再现观察到的质量金属丰度与恒星形成率和环境的关系的第二个参数的趋势,表明这些是平衡的结果,而不是反馈。总的来说,我们的平衡方案的分析框架广泛地捕获了相关的物理学建立星系气体和金属含量的模拟,这表明重子流入和流出的周期集中控制这些属性在典型的恒星形成星系的宇宙演化。

英文摘要:

We use cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to investigate how inflows, star formation, and outflows govern the the gaseous and metal content of galaxies. In our simulations, galaxy metallicities are established by a balance between inflows and outflows as governed by the mass outflow rate, implying that the mass-metallicity relation reflects how the outflow rate varies with stellar mass (M*). Gas content is set by a competition between inflow into and gas consumption within the ISM, the latter being governed by the SF law, while the former is impacted by both wind recycling and preventive feedback. Stochastic variations in the inflow rate move galaxies off the equilibrium M*-Z and Z*-fgas relations in a manner correlated with star formation rate, and the scatter is set by the timescale to re-equilibrate. The evolution of both relations from z=3-0 is slow, as individual galaxies tend to evolve mostly along the relations. Gas fractions at a given M* slowly decrease with time because the cosmic inflow rate diminishes faster than the consumption rate, while metallicities slowly increase as infalling gas becomes more enriched. Observations from z~3-0 are better matched by simulations employing momentum-driven wind scalings rather than constant wind speeds, but all models predict too low gas fractions at low masses and too high metallicities at high M*. All our models reproduce observed second-parameter trends of the mass-metallicity relation with star formation rate and environment, indicating that these are a consequence of equilibrium and not feedback. Overall, the analytical framework of our equilibrium scenario broadly captures the relevant physics establishing the galaxy gas and metal content in simulations, which suggests that the cycle of baryonic inflows and outflows centrally governs the cosmic evolution of these properties in typical star-forming galaxies.

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