宇宙学遥远透镜星系的尘埃、气体和金属丰度
Dust, Gas, and Metallicities of Cosmologically Distant Lens Galaxies
摘要：
我们均匀地分析了10个引力透镜的\chandra \X射线观测，HE 0047-1756，QJ 0158-4325，SDSS 0246-0805，HE 0435-1223，SDSS 0924+0219，SDSS 1004+4112，HE 1104-1805，PG 1115+080，Q 1355-2257，和Q 2237+0305，以测量图像之间的差异X射线吸收，金属丰度和透镜星系的尘埃气体比。除SDSS 0924+0219和HE 1104-1805外，我们在所有晶状体中检测到差异吸收。这使在宇宙学上遥远的透镜星系中测量尘埃与气体比率的样本增加了一倍。我们成功地测量了三个透镜，Q 2237+0305，SDSS 1004+4112和B 1152+199的X射线光谱的气相金属丰度。我们的研究结果表明金属丰度和尘气比之间存在线性相关性（即，一个恒定的金属尘埃比），与附近星系的发现一致。我们得到了透镜星系中尘埃与气体的平均比$E(B-V)/N_H=1.17^{+0.41}_{-0.31} \times 10^{-22}\rm mag\,cm^2\,atom^{-1}$，内禀散射为$\rm0.3\,dex$。结合GRB余辉和类星体前景吸收体的数据，我们发现平均尘气比$\mdtg,$现在显着低于银河系的平均值，$1.7\,\times 10^{-22}\,\rm mag\, cm^{2}\, atoms^{-1}.$这表明，随着红移和较低的平均金属丰度的高红移星系的尘气比的演变，符合当前的星际介质的金属和尘埃演化模型。金属-尘埃比随红移的缓慢演化意味着在高红移（$z>2$）星系中非常快速的尘埃形成。
英文摘要：
We homogeneously analyzed the \chandra\ X-ray observations of 10 gravitational lenses, HE 0047-1756, QJ 0158-4325, SDSS 0246-0805, HE 0435-1223, SDSS 0924+0219, SDSS 1004+4112, HE 1104-1805, PG 1115+080, Q 1355-2257, and Q 2237+0305, to measure the differential X-ray absorption between images, the metallicity, and the dust-to-gas ratio of the lens galaxies. We detected differential absorption in all lenses except SDSS 0924+0219 and HE 1104-1805. This doubles the sample of dust-to-gas ratio measurements in cosmologically distant lens galaxies. We successfully measured the gas phase metallicity of three lenses, Q 2237+0305, SDSS 1004+4112, and B 1152+199 from the X-ray spectra. Our results suggest a linear correlation between metallicity and dust-to-gas ratio (i.e., a constant metal-to-dust ratio), consistent with what is found for nearby galaxies. We obtain an average dust-to-gas ratio $E(B-V)/N_H=1.17^{+0.41}_{-0.31} \times 10^{-22}\rm mag\,cm^2\,atom^{-1}$ in the lens galaxies, with an intrinsic scatter of $\rm0.3\,dex$. Combining these results with data from GRB afterglows and quasar foreground absorbers, we found a mean dust-to-gas ratio $\mdtg,$ now significantly lower than the average Galactic value, $1.7\,\times 10^{-22}\,\rm mag\, cm^{2}\, atoms^{-1}.$ This suggests evolution of dust-to-gas ratios with redshift and lower average metallicities for the higher redshift galaxies, consistent with current metal and dust evolution models of interstellar medium. The slow evolution in the metal-to-dust ratio with redshift implies very rapid dust formation in high redshift ($z>2$) galaxies.
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