Ronnie Loeffen, Irmina Czarna, Zbigniew Palmowski
In this note we give, for a spectrally negative Levy process, a compact formula for the Parisian ruin probability, which is defined by the probability that the process exhibits an excursion below zero, with a length that exceeds a certain fixed period r. The formula involves only the scale function of the spectrally negative Levy process and the distribution of the process at time r.
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In this paper we propose new iterative algorithm of calculating the joint distribution of the Parisian ruin time and the number of claims until Parisian ruin for the classical risk model. Examples are provided when the generic claim size is exponentially distributed.
Parisian ruin probability in the classical Brownian risk model, unlike the standard ruin probability can not be explicitly calculated even in one-dimensional setup. Resorting on asymptotic theory, we derive in this contribution an asymptotic approximations of both Parisian and cumulative Parisian ruin probability and simultaneous ruin time for the two-dimensional Brownian risk model when the initial capital increases to infinity.
In this paper, we investigate Parisian ruin for a Lévy surplus process with an adaptive premium rate, namely a refracted Lévy process. More general Parisian boundary-crossing problems with a deterministic implementation delay are also considered. Our main contribution is a generalization of the result in Loeffen et al. (2013) for the probability of Parisian ruin of a standard Lévy insurance risk process. Despite the more general setup considered here, our main result is as compact and has a similar structure. Examples are provided.
In this paper we derive the exact asymptotics of the probability of Parisian ruin for self-similar Gaussian risk processes. Additionally, we obtain the normal approximation of the Parisian ruin time and derive an asymptotic relation between the Parisian and the classical ruin times.
In this paper we investigate the Parisian ruin probability for an integrated Gaussian process. Under certain assumptions, we find the Parisian ruin probability and the classical ruin probability are on the log-scale asymptotically the same. Moreover, for any small interval required by the risk process staying below level zero, the Parisian ruin probability and the classical one are the same also in the premise asymptotic behavior. Furthermore, we derive an approximation of the conditional ruin time.
In this paper we study the draw-down related Parisian ruin problem for spectrally negative Lévy risk processes. We introduce the draw-down Parisian ruin time and solve the corresponding two-sided exit time via excursion theory. We also obtain an expression of the potential measure for the process killed at the draw-down Parisian time. As applications, new results are obtained for spectrally negative Lévy risk process with dividend barrier and Parisian ruin.
In this paper, we study the concept of Parisian ruin under the hybrid observation scheme model introduced by Li et al. \cite{binetal2016}. Under this model, the process is observed at Poisson arrival times whenever the business is financially healthy and it is continuously observed when it goes below $0$. The Parisian ruin is then declared when the process stays below zero for a consecutive period of time greater than a fixed delay. We improve the result originally obtained in \cite{binetal2016} and we compute other fluctuation identities. All identities are given in terms of second-generation…
In this paper we analyze so-called Parisian ruin probability that happens when surplus process stays below zero longer than fixed amount of time $ζ>0$. We focus on general spectrally negative Lévy insurance risk process. For this class of processes we identify expression for ruin probability in terms of some other quantities that could be possibly calculated explicitly in many models. We find its Cramér-type and convolution-equivalent asymptotics when reserves tends to infinity. Finally, we analyze few explicit examples.
We introduce the concept of cumulative Parisian ruin, which is based on the time spent in the red by the underlying surplus process. Our main result is an explicit representation for the distribution of the occupation time, over a finite-time horizon, for a compound Poisson process with drift and exponential claims. The Brownian ruin model is also studied in details. Finally, we analyze for a general framework the relationships between cumulative Parisian ruin and classical ruin, as well as with Parisian ruin based on exponential implementation delays.
In this paper we consider the Parisian ruin probabilities for the dual risk model in a discrete-time setting. By exploiting the strong Markov property of the risk process we derive a recursive expression for the fnite-time Parisian ruin probability, in terms of classic discrete-time dual ruin probabilities. Moreover, we obtain an explicit expression for the corresponding infnite-time Parisian ruin probability as a limiting case. In order to obtain more analytic results, we employ a conditioning argument and derive a new expression for the classic infinite-time ruin probability in the dual risk…
An excursion theoretic approach to Parisian ruin problem
本文利用游程理论将Parisian破产问题中的波动量重写为游程测度积分，并验证了与已有结果的一致性。
We consider an interesting natural extension to the Parisian ruin problem under the assumption that the risk reserve dynamics are given by a spectrally negative Lévy process. The distinctive feature of this extension is that the distribution of the random implementation delay windows' lengths can depend on the deficit at the epochs when the risk reserve process turns negative, starting a new negative excursion. This includes the possibility of an immediate ruin when the deficit hits a certain subset. In this general setting, we derive a closed-from expression for the Parisian ruin probability …
In the setting of a Lévy insurance risk process, we present some results regarding the Parisian ruin problem which concerns the occurrence of an excursion below zero of duration bigger than a given threshold $r$. First, we give the joint Laplace transform of ruin-time and ruin-position (possibly killed at the first-passage time above a fixed level $b$), which generalises known results concerning Parisian ruin. This identity can be used to compute the expected discounted penalty function via Laplace inversion. Second, we obtain the $q$-potential measure of the process killed at Parisian ruin. T…
Consider a multi-dimensional Brownian motion which models the surplus processes of multiple lines of business of an insurance company. Our main result gives exact asymptotics for the cumulative Parisian ruin probability as the initial capital tends to infinity. An asymptotic distribution for the conditional cumulative Parisian ruin time is also derived. The obtained results on the cumulative Parisian ruin can be seen as generalizations of some of the results derived in Debicki et al (2018, Stochastic Processes and Their Applications). As a particular interesting case, the two-dimensional Brown…
Parisian ruin with power-asymmetric variance near the optimal point with application to many-inputs proportional reinsurance
本文针对方差在最优值点附近呈幂非对称的过程，推导了破产边界趋于无穷时巴黎破产概率的精确渐近，并将结果推广至Pickands尺度的巴黎区间，同时应用于多输入比例再保险分数布朗运动风险模型。
Let $(W_1(s), W_2(t)), s,t\ge 0$ be a bivariate Brownian motion with standard Brownian motion marginals and constant correlation $ρ\in (-1,1).$ Parisian ruin is defined as a classical ruin that happens over an extended period of time, the so-called time-in-red. We derive exact asymptotics for the non-simultaneous Parisian ruin of the company conditioned on the event of non-simultaneous ruin happening. We are interested in finding asymptotics of such problem as $u \to \infty$ and with the length of time-in-red being of order $\frac{1}{u^2},$ where $u$ represents initial capital for the companie…
In this paper we evaluate the probability of the discrete time Parisian ruin that occurs when surplus process stays below or at zero at least for some fixed duration of time $d>0$. We identify expressions for the ruin probabilities within finite and infinite-time horizon. We also find their light and heavy-tailed asymptotics when initial reserves approach infinity. Finally, we calculate these probabilities for a few explicit examples.
Parisian Ruin for Insurer and Reinsurer under Quota-Share Treaty
针对比例分保下保险商与再保险商的二维分数布朗运动盈余模型，研究双方同时巴黎破产概率的渐近性，并给出模拟相关 Pickands 与 Piterbarg 常数的方法。
Let $B(t), t\in \mathbb{R}$ be a standard Brownian motion. In this paper, we derive the exact asymptotics of the probability of Parisian ruin on infinite time horizon for the following risk process \begin{align}\label{Rudef} R_u^δ(t)=e^{δt}\left(u+c\int^{t}_{0}e^{-δv}d v-σ\int_{0}^{t}e^{-δv}d B(v)\right),\quad t\geq0, \end{align} where $u\geq 0$ is the initial reserve, $δ\geq0$ is the force of interest, $c>0$ is the rate of premium and $σ>0$ is a volatility factor. Further, we show the asymptotics of the Parisian ruin time of this risk process.
Let $B(t), t\in \mathbb{R}$ be a standard Brownian motion. Define a risk process \label{Rudef} R_u^δ(t)=e^{δt}\left(u+c\int^{t}_{0}e^{-δs}d s-σ\int_{0}^{t}e^{-δs}d B(s)\right), t\geq0, where $u\geq 0$ is the initial reserve, $δ\geq0$ is the force of interest, $c>0$ is the rate of premium and $σ>0$ is a volatility factor. In this contribution we obtain an approximation of the Parisian ruin probability \mathcal{K}_S^δ(u,T_u):=\mathbb{P}\left\{\inf_{t\in[0,S]} \sup_{s\in[t,t+T_u]} R_u^δ(s)<0\right\}, S\ge 0, as $u\rightarrow\infty$ where $T_u$ is a bounded function. Further, we show that the Pari…
We consider de Finetti's stochastic control problem when the (controlled) process is allowed to spend time under the critical level. More precisely, we consider a generalized version of this control problem in a spectrally negative Lévy model with exponential Parisian ruin. We show that, under mild assumptions on the Lévy measure, an optimal strategy is formed by a barrier strategy and that this optimal barrier level is always less than the optimal barrier level when classical ruin is implemented. Also, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the barrier strategy at level zero to be op…
Inspired by works of Landriault et al. \cite{LRZ-0, LRZ}, we study discounted penalties at ruin for surplus dynamics driven by a spectrally negative Lévy process with Parisian implementation delays. To be specific, we study the so-called Gerber-Shiu functional for a ruin model where at each time the surplus process goes negative, an independent exponential clock with rate $q>0$ is started. If the clock rings before the surplus becomes positive again then the insurance company is ruined. Our methodology uses excursion theory for spectrally negative Lévy processes and relies on the theory of the…
A note on the optimal dividends problem with transaction costs in a spectrally negative Lévy model with Parisian ruin
本文融合既有研究思想，证明在带 Parisian 破产和固定交易成本的谱负 Lévy 模型中，当 Lévy 测度尾部对数凸时，(a,b)-策略可最大化股息支付。
This paper presents some new results on Parisian ruin under Levy insurance risk process, where ruin occurs when the process has gone below a fixed level from the last record maximum, also known as the high-water mark or drawdown, for a fixed consecutive periods of time. The law of ruin-time and the position at ruin is given in terms of their joint Laplace transforms. Identities are presented semi-explicitly in terms of the scale function and the law of the Levy process. They are established using recent developments on fluctuation theory of drawdown of spectrally negative Levy process. In cont…
Optimality of a refraction strategy in the optimal dividends problem with absolutely continuous controls subject to Parisian ruin
在谱负Lévy模型与巴黎型破产下研究de Finetti最优分红问题，运用尺度函数证明折射分红策略最优，刻画最优阈值并分析实施延迟速率的影响。
Parisian ruin of locally self-similar Gaussian processes
研究局部自相似高斯过程驱动的高斯风险模型中巴黎 ruin 概率的尾部渐进行为，揭示局部方差衰减、自相似指数和趋势指数的相互作用导致的不同情形，推导出显式渐近表示。
We study the problem of minimizing the discounted probability of exponential Parisian ruin, that is, the discounted probability that an insurer's surplus exhibits an excursion below zero in excess of an exponentially distributed clock. The insurer controls its surplus via reinsurance priced according to the mean-variance premium principle, as in Liang, Liang, and Young (2019). We consider the classical risk model and apply stochastic Perron's method, as introduced by Bayraktar and Sirbu (2012,2013,2014), to show that the minimum discounted probability of exponential Parisian ruin is the unique…
Let $(W_1(s), W_2(t)), s,t\ge 0$ be a bivariate Brownian motion with standard Brownian motion marginals and constant correlation $ρ\in (-1,1).$ In this contribution we derive precise approximations for cumulative Parisian ruin conditioned on the occurrence of the ruin of the aforementioned two-dimensional Brownian motion, i.e. $$\mathbb{P}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\int_{[0,1]} \mathbf{1}(W_1^*(s)>u)ds>H_1(u) \\ \int_{[0,1]} \mathbf{1}(W_2^*(t)>au)dt>H_2(u)\end{array}\Bigg{|}\exists_{v,w \in [0,1]}\begin{array}{ccc} W_1(v)-c_1v>u \\ W_2(w)-c_2w>au \end{array}\right).$$ We study the asymptotics fo…
For a risk process $R_u(t)=u+ct-X(t), t\ge 0$, where $u\ge 0$ is the initial capital, $c>0$ is the premium rate and $X(t),t\ge 0$ is an aggregate claim process, we investigate the probability of the Parisian ruin \[ \mathcal{P}_S(u,T_u)=\mathbb{P}\{\inf_{t\in[0,S]} \sup_{s\in[t,t+T_u]} R_u(s)<0\}, \] with a given positive constant $S$ and a positive measurable function $T_u$. We derive asymptotic expansion of $\mathcal{P}_S(u,T_u)$, as $u\to\infty$, for the aggregate claim process $X$ modeled by Gaussian processes. As a by-product, we derive the exact tail asymptotics of the infimum of a stand…
In this paper we investigate an optimal dividend problem with transaction costs, where the surplus process is modelled by a refracted Lévy process and the ruin time is considered with Parisian delay. Presence of the transaction costs implies that one need to consider the impulse control problem as a control strategy in such model. An impulse policy $(c_1,c_2)$, which is to reduce the reserves to some fixed level $c_1$ whenever they are above another level $c_2$ is an important strategy for the impulse control problem. Therefore, we give sufficient conditions under which the above described imp…
In this paper we consider a classical risk process perturbed by a Brownian motion. We analyze the value function describing the mean of the cumulative discounted dividend payments paid up to Parisian ruin time and further discounted by the number of claims appeared up to this ruin time. We identify this value function for the barrier strategy and find the sufficient conditions for this strategy to be optimal. We also consider few particular examples.
We analyze the classical Brownian risk models discussing the approximation of ruin probabilities (classical, γ-reflected, Parisian and cumulative Parisian) for the case that ruin can occur only on specific discrete grids. A practical and natural grid of points is for instance G(1) = {0,1,2,...}, which allows us to study the probability of the ruin on the first day, second day, and so one. For such a discrete setting, there are no explicit formulas for the ruin probabilities mentioned above. In this contribution we derive accurate approximations of ruin probabilities for uniform grids by lettin…
Optimal Dividend Control with Transaction Costs under Exponential Parisian Ruin for a Refracted Levy Risk Model
本文研究了在折射莱维风险模型下，考虑交易成本的最优红利控制问题，通过巴黎指数延迟和下限破产障碍确定破产时间，并利用HJB不等式验证最优策略的最优性。
In this paper, we unify two popular approaches for the definition of actuarial ruin with implementation delays, also known as Parisian ruin. Our new definition of ruin includes both deterministic delays and exponentially distributed delays: ruin is declared the first time an excursion in the red zone lasts longer than an implementation delay with a deterministic and a stochastic component. For this Parisian ruin with mixed delays, we identify the joint distribution of the time of ruin and the deficit at ruin, therefore providing generalizations of many results previously obtained, such as in \…
In this paper we consider dividend problem for an insurance company whose risk evolves as a spectrally negative Lévy process (in the absence of dividend payments) when Parisian delay is applied. The objective function is given by the cumulative discounted dividends received until the moment of ruin when so-called barrier strategy is applied. Additionally we will consider two possibilities of delay. In the first scenario ruin happens when the surplus process stays below zero longer than fixed amount of time $ζ>0$. In the second case there is a time lag $d$ between decision of paying dividends a…
We consider a company that receives capital injections so as to avoid ruin. Differently from the classical bail-out settings where the underlying process is restricted to stay at or above zero, we study the case bail-out can only be made at independent Poisson times. Namely, we study a version of the reflected process that is pushed up to zero only on Poisson observation times at which the process is below zero. We also study the case with additional classical reflection above so as to model a company that pays dividends according to a barrier strategy. Focusing on the spectrally negative Lévy…
In recent years there has been some focus on quasi-stationary behaviour of an one-dimensional Lévy process $X$, where we ask for the law $P(X_t\in dy | τ^-_0>t)$ for $t\to\infty$ and $τ_0^-=\inf\{t\geq 0: X_t<0\}$. In this paper we address the same question for so-called Parisian ruin time $τ^θ$, that happens when process stays below zero longer than independent exponential random variable with intensity $θ$.
As well known, all functionals of a Markov process may be expressed in terms of the generator operator, modulo some analytic work. In the case of spectrally negative Markov processes however, it is conjectured that everything can be expressed in a more direct way using the $W$ scale function which intervenes in the two-sided first passage problem, modulo performing various integrals. This conjecture arises from work on Levy processes \cite{AKP,Pispot,APP,Iva,IP, ivanovs2013potential,AIZ,APY}, where the $W$ scale function has explicit Laplace transform, and is therefore easily computable; furth…
This paper investigates a dividend optimization problem with a positive creeping-associated terminal value at ruin for spectrally negative Levy processes. We consider an insurance company whose surplus process evolves according to a spectrally negative Levy process with a Gaussian part and a finite Levy measure. Its objective function relates to dividend payments until ruin and a creeping-associated terminal value at ruin. The positive creeping-associated terminal value represents the salvage value or the creeping reward when creeping happens. Owing to formulas from fluctuation theory, the obj…
In this article, we introduce a new definition of bankruptcy for a spectrally negative Lévy insurance risk process. More precisely, we study the Gerber-Shiu distribution for a ruin model where at each time the surplus goes negative, an independent negative random level is considered. If a negative excursion of the surplus exceeds such random level then the insurance company goes out of business. Our methodology uses excursion theory and relies on the description of the excursion measure away from 0 which was recently obtained by the authors in Pardo et al. (see arXiv:1507.05225). Our results a…
In this paper, we introduce the concept of \emph{Poissonian occupation times} below level $0$ of spectrally negative Lévy processes. In this case, occupation time is accumulated only when the process is observed to be negative at arrival epochs of an independent Poisson process. Our results extend some well known continuously observed quantities involving occupation times of spectrally negative Lévy processes. As an application, we establish a link between Poissonian occupation times and insurance risk models with Parisian implementation delays.
Hybrid Risk Processes: A Versatile Framework for Modern Ruin Problems
本文提出混合风险过程框架，通过时间变换构建，涵盖多种现代破产场景，并定义了 Generalized Omega 破产模型，利用矩阵解析技术高效计算破产相关量。
This paper studies the bailout optimal dividend problem with regime switching under the constraint that dividend payments can be made only at the arrival times of an independent Poisson process while capital can be injected continuously in time. We show the optimality of the regime-modulated Parisian-classical reflection strategy when the underlying risk model follows a general spectrally negative Markov additive process. In order to verify the optimality, first we study an auxiliary problem driven by a single spectrally negative \lev process with a final payoff at an exponential terminal time…
In this paper, we introduce an insurance ruin model with adaptive premium rate, thereafter refered to as restructuring/refraction, in which classical ruin and bankruptcy are distinguished. In this model, the premium rate is increased as soon as the wealth process falls into the red zone and is brought back to its regular level when the process recovers. The analysis is mainly focused on the time a refracted Lévy risk process spends in the red zone (analogous to the duration of the negative surplus). Building on results from Kyprianou and Loeffen (2010) and Loeffen et al. (2012), we identify th…
Sojourns of locally self-similar Gaussian processes
本文针对局部自相似高斯过程，推导了有限时间区间上累积巴黎破产概率的精确渐近近似，并证明Berman常数可由不同于分数布朗运动的自相似过程定义。
In this paper, we consider the mixed ratcheting-periodic dividend strategies for spectrally negative Lévy risk model, in which dividend payments can both be made continuously without falling and discretely at the jump times of an independent Poisson process. The expected net present value(NPV) of dividends paid up to ruin and the Laplace transform of the ruin time are obtained by using Lévy fluctuation theory. All the results are expressed in terms of scale functions. Finally, numerical results for Brownian motion with drift are given.
De Finetti's optimal dividend problem has recently been extended to the case dividend payments can only be made at Poisson arrival times. This paper considers the version with bail-outs where the surplus must be nonnegative uniformly in time. For a general spectrally negative Lévy model, we show the optimality of a Parisian-classical reflection strategy that pays the excess above a given barrier at each Poisson arrival times and also reflects from below at zero in the classical sense.
The ruin probability in the classical Brownian risk model can be explicitly calculated for both finite and infinite-time horizon. This is not the case for the simultaneous ruin probability in two-dimensional Brownian risk model. Resorting on asymptotic theory, we derive in this contribution approximations of both simultaneous ruin probability and simultaneous ruin time for the two-dimensional Brownian risk model when the initial capital increases to infinity. Given the interest in proportional reinsurance, we consider in some details the case where the correlation is 1. This model is tractable…
We study a general perturbed risk process with cumulative claims modelled by a subordinator with finite expectation, with the perturbation being a spectrally negative Levy process with zero expectation. We derive a Pollaczek-Hinchin type formula for the survival probability of that risk process, and give an interpretation of the formula based on the decomposition of the dual risk process at modified ladder epochs.
We study the probability of ruin before time $t$ for the family of tempered stable Lévy insurance risk processes, which includes the spectrally positive inverse Gaussian processes. Numerical approximations of the ruin time distribution are derived via the Laplace transform of the asymptotic ruin time distribution, for which we have an explicit expression. These are benchmarked against simulations based on importance sampling using stable processes. Theoretical consequences of the asymptotic formulae are found to indicate some potential drawbacks to the use of the inverse Gaussian process as a …
In this note we find a formula for the supremum distribution of spectrally positive or negative Lévy processes with a broken linear drift. This gives formulas for ruin probabilities in the case when two insurance companies (or two branches of the same company) divide between them both claims and premia in some specified proportions. As an example we consider gamma Lévy process, $α$-stable Lévy process and Brownian motion. Moreover we obtain identities for Laplace transform of the distribution for the supremum of Lévy processes with randomly broken drift and on random intervals.
This paper considers a Cramér-Lundberg risk setting, where the components of the underlying model change over time. These components could be thought of as the claim arrival rate, the claim-size distribution, and the premium rate, but we allow the more general setting of the cumulative claim process being modelled as a spectrally positive Lévy process. We provide an intuitively appealing mechanism to create such parameter uncertainty: at Poisson epochs we resample the model components from a finite number of $d$ settings. It results in a setup that is particularly suited to describe situations…
In this paper we consider a modified version of the classical optimal dividends problem of de Finetti in which the dividend payments subject to a penalty at ruin. We assume that the risk process is modeled by a general spectrally positive Levy process before dividends are deducted. Using the fluctuation theory of spectrally positive Levy processes we give an explicit expression of the value function of a barrier strategy. Subsequently we show that a barrier strategy is the optimal strategy among all admissible ones. Our work is motivated by the recent work of Bayraktar, Kyprianou and Yamazaki …
On the longest/shortest negative excursion of a Lévy risk process and related quantities
本文用二项展开法研究谱负Lévy过程最长与最短负游程的分布及相关量，并应用于巴黎式破产等问题，证明该方法优越性。
We recall four open problems concerning constructing high-order matrix-exponential approximations for the infimum of a spectrally negative Levy process (with applications to first-passage/ruin probabilities, the waiting time distribution in the M/G/1 queue, pricing of barrier options, etc). On the way, we provide a new approximation, for the perturbed Cramer-Lundberg model, and recall a remarkable family of (not minimal order) approximations of Johnson and Taaffe, which fit an arbitrarily high number of moments, greatly generalizing the currently used approximations of Renyi, De Vylder and Whi…
In this paper we study the optimal dividend problem for a company whose surplus process evolves as a spectrally positive Levy process. This model including the dual model of the classical risk model and the dual model with diffusion as special cases. We assume that dividends are paid to the shareholders according to admissible strategy whose dividend rate is bounded by a constant. The objective is to find a dividend policy so as to maximize the expected discounted value of dividends which are paid to the shareholders until the company is ruined. We show that the optimal dividend strategy is fo…
We consider a spectrally-negative Markov additive process as a model of a risk process in random environment. Following recent interest in alternative ruin concepts, we assume that ruin occurs when an independent Poissonian observer sees the process negative, where the observation rate may depend on the state of the environment. Using an approximation argument and spectral theory we establish an explicit formula for the resulting survival probabilities in this general setting. We also discuss an efficient evaluation of the involved quantities and provide a numerical illustration.
Transient Behavior of Threshold-Dependent Ruin and Queueing Models with Phase-Type Jumps
该研究针对带相位型跳变的阈值依赖Cramér–Lundberg风险模型与M/G/1型排队模型，利用谱正Lévy过程波动理论，刻画指数时刻前的破产概率与工作量拉普拉斯-斯蒂尔杰斯变换，给出相位型分布下辅助量的显式表示。
We study the optimal dividend problem in the dual model where dividend payments can only be made at the jump times of an independent Poisson process. In this context, Avanzi et al. [5] solved the case with i.i.d. hyperexponential jumps; they showed the optimality of a (periodic) barrier strategy where dividends are paid at dividend-decision times if and only if the surplus is above some level. In this paper, we generalize the results for a general spectrally positive Levy process with additional terminal payoff/penalty at ruin, and also solve the case with classical bail-outs so that the surpl…
Consider the optimal dividend problem for an insurance company whose uncontrolled surplus precess evolves as a spectrally negative Levy process. We assume that dividends are paid to the shareholders according to admissible strategies whose dividend rate is bounded by a constant. The objective is to find a dividend policy so as to maximize the expected discounted value of dividends which are paid to the shareholders until the company is ruined. Kyprianou, Loeffen and Perez [28] have shown that a refraction strategy (also called threshold strategy) forms an optimal strategy under the condition t…
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