arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1101.1771astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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银河娱乐城

Galaxy Disks

P. C. van der Kruit, K. C. Freeman

摘要:

星系盘的形成和演化对于理解星系如何形成和演化,以及它们在我们看来的多样性的原因特别重要。正在进行的大型调查,通过新的仪器,从紫外线(GALEX),通过光学(HST和大型地面望远镜)和红外线(斯皮策)到无线电的波长成为可能,提供了许多关于盘星系在广泛的红移范围内的新信息。虽然已经取得了进展,恒星盘的动力学和结构,包括其截断,仍然没有得到很好的理解。我们现在确实有了对盘质光比的合理估计,对图姆雷的$Q$参数的估计表明它们只是局部稳定的。星盘大多非常平坦,有时非常薄,其表面亮度范围从中心表面亮度约为21.5 $B$ -mag arcsec $^{-2}$的典型星盘到非常低的表面亮度.看来,星系盘不是最大的,除了可能在最大的系统。它们的HI层显示扭曲每当HI可以检测到超越恒星盘,与低层次的恒星形成去了大半径。恒星盘显示出丰度梯度,在较大的半径处变平,有时甚至相反。一个定义明确的重子Tully-Fisher关系的存在暗示了一个近似均匀的重子与暗物质的比例。厚盘在盘星系中很常见,它们的存在似乎与核球的存在无关;它们很古老,但它们的形成尚未被理解。在红移为$\sim 2$时,盘的形成已经提前,但在那个时期,盘还没有静止,处于完全的旋转平衡。现在,裁员已成定局。S 0 s恒星的形成和历史仍然没有完全了解。

英文摘要:

The formation and evolution of galactic disks is particularly important for understanding how galaxies form and evolve, and the cause of the variety in which they appear to us. Ongoing large surveys, made possible by new instrumentation at wavelengths from the ultraviolet (GALEX), via optical (HST and large groundbased telescopes) and infrared (Spitzer) to the radio are providing much new information about disk galaxies over a wide range of redshift. Although progress has been made, the dynamics and structure of stellar disks, including their truncations, are still not well understood. We do now have plausible estimates of disk mass-to-light ratios, and estimates of Toomre's $Q$ parameter show that they are just locally stable. Disks are mostly very flat and sometimes very thin, and have a range in surface brightness from canonical disks with a central surface brightness of about 21.5 $B$-mag arcsec$^{-2}$ down to very low surface brightnesses. It appears that galaxy disks are not maximal, except possibly in the largest systems. Their HI layers display warps whenever HI can be detected beyond the stellar disk, with low-level star formation going on out to large radii. Stellar disks display abundance gradients which flatten at larger radii and sometimes even reverse. The existence of a well-defined baryonic Tully-Fisher relation hints at an approximately uniform baryonic to dark matter ratio. Thick disks are common in disk galaxies and their existence appears unrelated to the presence of a bulge component; they are old, but their formation is not yet understood. Disk formation was already advanced at redshifts of $\sim 2$, but at that epoch disks were not yet quiescent and in full rotational equilibrium. Downsizing is now well-established. The formation and history of star formation in S0s is still not fully understood.

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