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arXiv 1012.5281astro-ph.EP
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行星形成理论

Theory of planet formation

Christoph Mordasini, Hubert Klahr, Yann Alibert, Willy Benz, Kai-Martin Dittkrist

摘要:

我们回顾了目前的理论认识如何从微米大小的尘埃生长到巨大的巨行星发生在年轻恒星周围的磁盘。在介绍了一些来自太阳系的观测约束,从观察到的原行星盘,从太阳系外行星,我们简化了问题,分为一些离散的阶段,假设发生在一个连续的方式。在第一阶段-从尘埃到公里大小的星子的增长-机构的空气动力学是至关重要的。我们讨论了一个纯粹的凝结增长模式,以及一个gravoturbulent模式涉及的引力不稳定的尘埃。在下一个阶段,微行星成长为大约1000公里大小的原行星。重力现在是主导力。质量吸积可以是强烈的非线性的,导致一些大的天体从剩余的星子中分离出来。在外行星系(几个天文单位之外),其中一些天体可能变得如此巨大,以至于它们最终会吸积一个巨大的气体包层。这是巨型行星形成的阶段,正如核心吸积-气体捕获范式所理解的那样。我们还讨论了直接的引力坍缩模型,其中巨行星被认为是直接通过气体盘的引力破碎形成的。在内系统中,原行星在最后阶段--可能是在气体盘消散之后--发生巨大的碰撞,直到剩余的类地行星之间的距离足够大,允许长期稳定。我们以一些选定的问题来结束复习。

英文摘要:

We review the current theoretical understanding how growth from micro-meter sized dust to massive giant planets occurs in disks around young stars. After introducing a number of observational constraints from the solar system, from observed protoplanetary disks, and from the extrasolar planets, we simplify the problem by dividing it into a number of discrete stages which are assumed to occur in a sequential way. In the first stage - the growth from dust to kilometer sized planetesimals - the aerodynamics of the bodies are of central importance. We discuss both a purely coagulative growth mode, as well as a gravoturbulent mode involving a gravitational instability of the dust. In the next stage, planetesimals grow to protoplanets of roughly 1000 km in size. Gravity is now the dominant force. The mass accretion can be strongly non-linear, leading to the detachment of a few big bodies from the remaining planetesimals. In the outer planetary system (outside a few AU), some of these bodies can become so massive that they eventually accrete a large gaseous envelope. This is the stage of giant planet formation, as understood within the core accretion-gas capture paradigm. We also discuss the direct gravitational collapse model where giant planets are thought to form directly via a gravitational fragmentation of the gas disk. In the inner system, protoplanets collide in the last stage - probably after the dispersal of the gaseous disk - in giant impacts until the separations between the remaining terrestrial planets become large enough to allow long term stability. We finish the review with some selected questions.

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