As it has been proven, the determination of general one-dimensional Schrödinger Hamiltonians having third-order differential ladder operators requires to solve the Painlevé IV equation. In this work, it will be shown that some specific subsets of the higher-order supersymmetric partners of the harmonic oscillator possess third-order differential ladder operators. This allows us to introduce a simple technique for generating solutions of the Painlevé IV equation. Finally, we classify these solutions into three relevant hierarchies.
In this work, supersymmetric quantum mechanics will be used to obtain complex solutions to Painleve IV equation with real parameters. We will also focus on the properties of the associated Hamiltonians, i.e. the algebraic structure, the eigenfunctions and the energy spectra.
In these lecture notes we shall study first the supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM), specially when applied to the harmonic and radial oscillators. In addition, we will define the polynomial Heisenberg algebras (PHA), and we will study the general systems ruled by them: for zero and first order we obtain the harmonic and radial oscillators, respectively; for second and third order PHA the potential is determined by solutions to Painleve IV (PIV) and Painleve V (PV) equations. Taking advantage of this connection, later on we will find solutions to PIV and PV equations expressed in terms …
We consider a superintegrable quantum potential in two-dimensional Euclidean space with a second and a third order integral of motion. The potential is written in terms of the fourth Painleve transcendent. We construct for this system a cubic algebra of integrals of motion. The algebra is realized in terms of parafermionic operators and we present Fock type representations which yield the corresponding energy spectra. We also discuss this potential from the point of view of higher order supersymmetric quantum mechanics and obtain ground state wave functions.
We study nearest-neighbour correlation functions for the ground state of the supersymmetric XYZ spin chain with odd length and periodic boundary conditions. Under a technical assumption related to the $Q$-operator of the corresponding eight-vertex model, we show that they can be expressed exactly in terms of the Painlevé VI tau functions $s_n$ and $\bar s_n$ introduced by Bazhanov and Mangazeev. Furthermore, we give an interpretation of the correlation functions in terms of the Painlevé VI Hamiltonian.
We prove that certain polynomials previously introduced by the author can be identified with tau functions of Painlevé VI, obtained from one of Picard's algebraic solutions by acting with a four-dimensional lattice of Bäcklund transformations. For particular lines in the lattice, this proves conjectures of Bazhanov and Mangazeev. As applications, we describe the behaviour of the corresponding solutions near the singular points of Painlevé VI, and obtain several new properties of our polynomials.
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics is a powerful tool for generating exactly solvable potentials departing from a given initial one. In this article the first- and second- order supersymmetric transformations will be used to obtain new exactly solvable potentials departing from the complex oscillator. The corresponding Hamiltonians turn out to be ruled by polynomial Heisenberg algebras. By applying a mechanism to reduce to second the order of these algebras, the connection with the Painlevé IV equation is achieved, thus giving place to new solutions for the Painlevé IV equation.
In this letter we will use higher-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics to obtain several families of complex solutions of the Painleve IV equation with real parameters. We shall also study the algebraic structure, the eigenfunctions and the energy spectra of the corresponding non-hermitian Hamiltonians.
In this paper we shall use the algebraic method known as supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) to obtain solutions to the Painlevé V (PV) equation, a second-order non-linear ordinary differential equation. For this purpose, we will apply first the SUSY QM treatment to the radial oscillator. In addition, we will revisit the polynomial Heisenberg algebras (PHAs) and we will study the general systems ruled by them: for first-order PHAs we obtain the radial oscillator, while for third-order PHAs the potential will be determined by solutions to the PV equation. This connection allows us to int…
We show in details that the all-orders genus expansion of the two-cut Hermitian cubic matrix model reproduces the perturbative expansion of the $H_1$ Argyres-Douglas theory coupled to the $Ω$ background. In the self-dual limit we use the Painlevé/gauge correspondence and we show that, after summing over all instanton sectors, the two-cut cubic matrix model computes the tau function of Painlevé II without taking any double scaling limit or adding any external fields. We decode such solution within the context of trans-series. Finally in the Nekrasov-Shatashvili limit we connect the $H_1$ and th…
In this work the supersymmetric technique is applied to the truncated oscillator to generate Hamiltonians ruled by second and third-order polynomial Heisenberg algebras, which are connected to the Painlevé IV and Painlevé V equations respectively. The aforementioned connection is exploited to produce particular solutions to both non-linear differential equations and the Bäcklund transformations relating them.
The Painlevé analysis of a generic multiparameter N=2 extension of the Korteweg-de Vries equation is presented. Unusual aspects of the analysis, pertaining to the presence of two fermionic fields, are emphasized. For the general class of models considered, we find that the only ones which manifestly pass the test are precisely the four known integrable supersymmetric KdV equations, including the SKdV$_1$ case.
Painleve analysis, Backlund transformation, Lax pair and periodic wave solutions for a generalized (2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation in fluid mechanics
A simple way to find solutions of the Painlevé IV equation is by identifying Hamiltonian systems with third-order differential ladder operators. Some of these systems can be obtained by applying supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) to the harmonic oscillator. In this work, we will construct families of coherent states for such subset of SUSY partner Hamiltonians which are connected with the Painlevé IV equation. First, these coherent states are built up as eigenstates of the annihilation operator, then as displaced versions of the extremal states, both involving the third-order ladder op…
We show that symmetric polynomials previously introduced by the author satisfy a certain differential equation. After a change of variables, it can be written as a non-stationary Schrödinger equation with elliptic potential, which is closely related to the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov--Bernard equation and to the canonical quantization of the Painlevé VI equation. In a subsequent paper, this will be used to construct a four-dimensional lattice of tau functions for Painlevé VI.
Supersymmetry transformations of first and second order are used to generate Hamiltonians with known spectra departing from the harmonic oscillator with an infinite potential barrier. It is studied also the way in which the eigenfunctions of the initial Hamiltonian are transformed. The first and certain second order supersymmetric partners of the initial Hamiltonian possess third-order differential ladder operators. Since systems with this kind of operators are linked with the Painlevé IV equation, several solutions of this non-linear second-order differential equation will be simply found.
We introduce and study symmetric polynomials, which as very special cases include polynomials related to the supersymmetric eight-vertex model, and other elliptic lattice models with $Δ=\pm 1/2$. There is also a close relation to affine Lie algebra characters. After a natural change of variables, our polynomials satisfy a non-stationary Schrödinger equation with elliptic potential, which is related to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov-Bernard equation and to the canonical quantization of Painlevé VI. Moreover, specializations of our polynomials can be identified with tau functions of Painlevé VI, obt…
We study the relation of irregular conformal blocks with the Painlevé III$_3$ equation. The functional representation for the quasiclassical irregular block is shown to be consistent with the BPZ equations of conformal field theory and the Hamilton-Jacobi approach to Painlevé III$_3$. It leads immediately to a limiting case of the blow-up equations for dual Nekrasov partition function of 4d pure supersymmetric gauge theory, which can be even treated as a defining system of equations for both $c=1$ and $c\to\infty$ conformal blocks. We extend this analysis to the domain of strong-coupling regim…
We review the construction of minimally bosonized supersymmetric quantum mechanics and its relation to hidden supersymmetries in pure parabosonic (parafermionic) systems.
After recalling different formulations of the definition of supersymmetric quantum mechanics given in the literature, we discuss the relationships between them in order to provide an answer to the question raised in the title.
The confluent second-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics, for which the factorization energies tend to a single value, is studied. We show that the Wronskian formula remains valid if generalized eigenfunctions are taken as seed solutions. The confluent algorithm is used to generate SUSY partners of the Coulomb potential.
We study deformations of the harmonic oscillator algebra known as polynomial Heisenberg algebras (PHAs), and establish a connection between them and extended affine Weyl groups of type $A^{(1)}_m$, where $m$ is the degree of the PHA. To establish this connection, we employ supersymmetric quantum mechanics to first connect a polynomial Heisenberg algebra to symmetric systems of differential equations. This connection has been previously used to relate quantum systems to non-linear differential equations; most notably, the fourth and fifth Painlevé equations. Once this is done, we use previous s…
The confluent second-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics, in which the factorization energies tend to a common value, is used to generate Hamiltonians with known spectra departing from the hyperbolic Rosen-Morse and Eckart potentials. The possible spectral modifications, as to create a new level or to delete a given one, as well as the isospectral transformations, are discussed.
The confluent algorithm, a degenerate case of the second order supersymmetric quantum mechanics, is studied. It is shown that the transformation function must asymptotically vanish to induce non-singular final potentials. The technique can be used to create a single level above the initial ground state energy. The method is applied to the free particle, one-soliton well and harmonic oscillator.
The hyperconfluent third-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics, in which all the factorization energies tend to a common value, is analyzed. It will be shown that the final potential as well can be achieved by applying consecutively a confluent second-order and a first-order SUSY transformations, both with the same factorization energy. The technique will be applied to the free particle and the Coulomb potential.
A quantum mechanical model that realizes the $ \mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$-graded generalization of the one-dimensional supertranslation algebra is proposed. This model shares some features with the well-known Witten model and is related to parasupersymmetric quantum mechanics, though the model is not directly equivalent to either of these. The purpose of this paper is to show that novel "higher gradings" are possible in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics.
The superalgebra of $\Z_2^2$-graded supersymmetric quantum mechanics is shown to be realizable in terms of a single bosonic degree of freedom. Such an approach is directly inspired by a description of the corresponding $\Z_2$-graded superalgebra in the framework of a Calogero-Vasiliev algebra or, more generally, of a generalized deformed oscillator algebra. In the case of the $\Z_2^2$-graded superalgebra, the central element $Z$ has the property of distinguishing between degenerate eigenstates of the Hamiltonian.
We review the higher-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics (H-SUSY QM), which involves differential intertwining operators of order greater than one. The iterations of first-order SUSY transformations are used to derive in a simple way the higher-order case. The second order technique is addressed directly, and through this approach unexpected possibilities for designing spectra are uncovered. The formalism is applied to the harmonic oscillator: the corresponding H-SUSY partner Hamiltonians are ruled by polynomial Heisenberg algebras which allow a straight construction of the coherent states.
We consider some simple examples of supersymmetric quantum mechanical systems and explore their possible geometric interpretation with the help of geometric aspects of real Clifford algebras. This leads to natural extensions of the considered systems to higher dimensions and more complicated potentials.
This paper constitutes a review on N=2 fractional supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics of order k. The presentation is based on the introduction of a generalized Weyl-Heisenberg algebra W_k. It is shown how a general Hamiltonian can be associated with the algebra W_k. This general Hamiltonian covers various supersymmetrical versions of dynamical systems (Morse system, Poschl-Teller system, fractional supersymmetric oscillator of order k, etc.). The case of ordinary supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics corresponds to k=2. A connection between fractional supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics and ordinary sup…
Relativistic arbitrary spin Hamiltonians are shown to obey the algebraic structure of supersymmetric quantum system if their odd and even parts commute. This condition is identical to that required for the exactness of the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation. Applied to a massive charged spin-$1$ particle in a constant magnetic field, supersymmetric quantum mechanics necessarily requires a gyromagnetic factor $g=2$.
We show that in many cases nontrivial and complicated supersymmetric quantum mechanical (SQM) models can be obtained from the simple model describing free dynamics in flat complex space by two operations: (i) Hamiltonian reduction and (ii) similarity transformation of the complex supercharges. We conjecture that it is true for any SQM model.
We study a family of fermionic extensions of the Camassa-Holm equation. Within this family we identify three interesting classes: (a) equations, which are inherently hamiltonian, describing geodesic flow with respect to an H^1 metric on the group of superconformal transformations in two dimensions, (b) equations which are hamiltonian with respect to a different hamiltonian structure and (c) supersymmetric flow equations. Classes (a) and (b) have no intersection, but the intersection of classes (a) and (c) gives a candidate for a new supersymmetric integrable system. We demonstrate the Painlevé…
We prove the uniqueness of the ground state for a supersymmetric quantum mechanical system of two fermions and two bosons, which is closely related to the N=1 WZ-model. The proof is constructive and gives detailed information on what the ground state looks like.
We construct the $\mathcal{N}=8$ supersymmetric mechanics with potential term whose configuration space is the special Kähler manifold of rigid type and show that it can be viewed as the Kähler counterpart of $\mathcal{N}=4$ mechanics related to "curved WDVV equations". Then, we consider the special case of the supersymmetric mechanics with the non-zero potential term defined on the family of $U(1)$-invariant one-(complex)dimensional special Kähler metrics. The bosonic parts of these systems include superintegrable deformations of perturbed two-dimensional oscillator and Coulomb systems.
C$_λ$-extended oscillator algebras, where C$_λ$ is the cyclic group of order $λ$, are introduced and realized as generalized deformed oscillator algebras. For $λ=2$, they reduce to the well-known Calogero-Vasiliev algebra. For higher $λ$ values, they are shown to provide in their bosonic Fock space representation some interesting applications to supersymmetric quantum mechanics and some variants thereof: an algebraic realization of supersymmetric quantum mechanics for cyclic shape invariant potentials of period $λ$, a bosonization of parasupersymmetric quantum mechanics of order $p = λ-1$, and…
We study first the supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM), specially the cases of the harmonic and radial oscillators. Then, we obtain a new Wronskian formula for the confluent SUSY transformation and apply the SUSY QM to the inverted oscillator. After that, we present the polynomial Heisenberg algebras (PHA). We study the general systems described by PHA: for zeroth- and first-order we obtain the harmonic and radial oscillators, respectively; for second- and third-order PHA, the potential is determined in terms of solutions to Painlevé IV and V equations ($P_{IV}$ and $P_{V}$), respective…
We study entanglement of spin degrees of freedom with continuous one in supersymmetric (SUSY) quantum mechanics. Concurrence is determined by mean value of spin and is calculated explicitly for SUSY states. We show that eigenstates of supercharges are maximally entangled. As an example the entanglement of atom state with photon state and SUSY in Jaynes-Cummings model are considered.
A recursive form of arbitrary-order Wronskian associated with transformation functions in the confluent algorithm of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY) is constructed. With this recursive form regularity conditions for the generated potentials can be analyzed. Moreover, as byproducts we obtain new representations of solutions to Schrödinger equations that underwent a confluent SUSY-transformation.
It is shown that the Hamilton equations in supersymmetric quantum mechanics can be presented in nonassociative form, where the Hamiltonian is decomposed into two nonassociative factors.
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics is constructed in a new non-Hermitian representation. Firstly, the map between the partner operators $H^{(\pm)}$ is chosen antilinear. Secondly, both these components of a super-Hamiltonian ${\cal H}$ are defined along certain topologically nontrivial complex curves $r^{(\pm)}(x)$ which spread over several Riemann sheets of the wave function. The non-uniqueness of our choice of the map ${\cal T}$ between "tobogganic" partner curves $r^{(+)}(x)$ and $r^{(-)}(x)$ is emphasized.
A supersymmetric generalization of the Lieb-Liniger-Yang dynamics governing $N$ massive bosons moving on a line with delta interactions among them at coinciding points is developed. The analysis of the delicate balance between integrability and supersymmetry, starting from the exactly solvable non supersymmetric LLY system, is one of the paper main concerns. Two extreme regimes of the $N$ parameter are explored: 1) For few bosons we fall in the realm of supersymmetric quantum mechanics with a short number of degrees of freedom, e.g., the SUSY P$\ddot{\rm o}$sch-Teller potentials if $N=1$. 2) F…
We present SU$(2|1)$ supersymmetric mechanics on $n$-dimensional Riemannian manifolds within the Hamiltonian approach. The structure functions including prepotentials entering the supercharges and the Hamiltonian obey extended curved WDVV equations specified by the manifold's metric and curvature tensor. We consider the most general $u(2)$-valued prepotential, which contains both types (with and without spin variables), previously considered only separately. For the case of real Kähler manifolds we construct all possible interactions. For isotropic ($so(n)$-invariant) spaces we provide admissi…
We study certain symmetric polynomials, which as very special cases include polynomials related to the supersymmetric eight-vertex model, and other elliptic lattice models with $Δ=\pm 1/2$. In this paper, which is the first part of a series, we study the behaviour of the polynomials at special parameter values, which can be identified with cusps of the modular group $Γ_0(12)$. In subsequent papers, we will show that the polynomials satisfy a non-stationary Schrödinger equation related to the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov--Bernard equation and that they give a four-dimensional lattice of tau function…
We describe the generalization of the recently derived solutions of D=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills quantum mechanics with SU(3) gauge group to the generic case of SU(N) gauge group. We discuss the spectra and eigensolutions in bosonic as well as fermionic sectors.
This monograph is derived from a series of six lectures I gave at the Centre de Recherches Mathematiques in Montreal, in March and June 2000, while titulary of the Aisenstadt Chair.
We study a cyclic Leibniz rule, which provides a systematic approach to lattice supersymmetry, using a numerical method with a transfer matrix. The computation is carried out in N=2 supersymmetric quantum mechanics with the phi^6-interaction for weak and strong couplings. The computed energy spectra and supersymmetric Ward-Takahashi identities are compared with those obtained from another lattice action. We find that a model with the cyclic Leibniz rule behaves similarly to the continuum theory compared with the other lattice action.
We reexamine the relation between contact structures on supermanifolds and supersymmetric mechanics in the superspace formulation. This allows one to use the language of contact geometry when dealing with the d = 1, N = 2 super-Poincare algebra.
When anticommuting Grassmann variables are introduced into a fluid dynamical model with irrotational velocity and no vorticity, the velocity acquires a nonvanishing curl and the resultant vorticity is described by Gaussian potentials formed from the Grassmann variables. Upon adding a further specific interaction with the Grassmann degrees of freedom, the model becomes supersymmetric.
We derive the spectra of D=2, SU(3) supersymmetric Yang-Mills quantum mechanics in all fermionic sectors. Moreover, we provide exact expressions for the corresponding eigenvectors in the sectors with none and one fermionic quantum. We also generalize our results obtained in a cut Fock space to the infinite cut-off limit.
Following the construction of a model for the planar supersymmetric Chaplygin gas, supersymmetric fluid mechanics in (1+1)-dimensions is obtained from the light-cone parametrized Nambu-Goto superstring in (2+1)-dimensions. The lineal model is completely integrable and can be formulated neatly using Riemann coordinates. Infinite towers of conserved charges and supercharges are exhibited. They form irreducible representations of a dynamical (hidden) SO(2,1) symmetry group.
We consider a realization of supersymmetric quantum mechanics where supercharges are differential-difference operators with reflections. A supersymmetric system with an extended Scarf I potential is presented and analyzed. Its eigenfunctions are given in terms of little -1 Jacobi polynomials which obey an eigenvalue equation of Dunkl type and arise as a q-> -1 limit of the little q-Jacobi polynomials. Intertwining operators connecting the wave functions of extended Scarf I potentials with different parameters are presented.
$C_λ$-extended oscillator algebras are realized as generalized deformed oscillator algebras. For $λ= 3$, the spectrum of the corresponding bosonic oscillator Hamiltonian is shown to strongly depend on the algebra parameters. A connection with cyclic shape invariant potentials is noted. A bosonization of PSSQM of order two is obtained.
