Let $G$ be a connected reductive algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field %$k$ of characteristic $p > 0$. Our first aim in this note is to give concise and uniform proofs for two fundamental and deep results in the context of Serre's notion of $G$-complete reducibility, at the cost of less favourable bounds. Here are some special cases of these results: Suppose that the index $(H:H^\circ)$ is prime to $p$ and that $p > 2\dim V-2$ for some faithful $G$-module $V$. Then the following hold: (i) $V$ is a semisimple $H$-module if and only if $H$ is $G$-completely reducible; (ii) $H^\circ$ is reductive if and only if $H$ is $G$-completely reducible.
We also discuss two new related results: (i) if $p \ge \dim V$ for some $G$-module $V$ and $H$ is a $G$-completely reducible subgroup of $G$, then $V$ is a semisimple $H$-module -- this generalizes Jantzen's semisimplicity theorem (which is the case $H = G$); (ii) if $H$ acts semisimply on $V \otimes V^*$ for some faithful $G$-module $V$, then $H$ is $G$-completely reducible.
We prove complete reducibility for an integrable module for an affine Lie algebra where the canonical central element acts non-trivially. We further prove that integrable modules does not exists for most of the super affine Lie algebras where the center acts non-trivially.
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a classial Lie algebra and $\mathfrak{p}$ be a maximal parabolic subalgebra. Let $M$ be a generalized Verma module induced from a one dimensional representation of $\mathfrak{p}$. Such $M$ is called a scalar type generalized Verma module. Its simple quotient $L$ is a highest weight moudle. In this paper, we will determine the reducibility of such scalar type generalized Verma modules by computing the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of $L$.
We investigate the representation theory of a large class of pointed Hopf algebras, extending results of Lusztig and others. We classify all simple modules in a suitable category and determine the weight multiplicities; we establish a complete reducibility theorem in this category.
A parabolic subalgebra $\mathfrak{p}$ of a complex semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ is called a parabolic subalgebra of abelian type if its nilpotent radical is abelian. In this paper, we provide a complete characterization of the parameters for scalar generalized Verma modules attached to parabolic subalgebras of abelian type such that the modules are reducible. The proofs use Jantzen's simplicity criterion, as well as the Enright-Howe-Wallach classification of unitary highest weight modules.
In this paper we determine the precise extent to which the classical sl_2-theory of complex semisimple finite-dimensional Lie algebras due to Jacobson--Morozov and Kostant can be extended to positive characteristic. This builds on work of Pommerening and improves significantly upon previous attempts due to Springer--Steinberg and Carter/Spaltenstein. Our main advance arises by investigating quite fully the extent to which subalgebras of the Lie algebras of semisimple algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields k are G-completely reducible, a notion essentially due to Serre. For example i…
A cohomological criterion for the complete reducibility of modules of finite length satisfying a composability condition for a meromorphic open-string vertex algebra $V$ has been given by Qi and the author. In order to apply this criterion, one needs to determine what types of $V$-modules satisfy the composability condition. In this paper, we prove that the composability condition is satisfied by generalized modules in a suitable category for a grading-restricted vertex algebra satisfying natural conditions.
Let $G$ be a simply connected simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic $p>0$. The category of rational $G$-modules is not semisimple. We consider the question of when the tensor product of two simple $G$-modules $L(λ)$ and $L(μ)$ is completely reducible. Using some technical results about weakly maximal vectors (i.e. maximal vectors for the action of the Frobenius kernel $G_1$ of $G$) in tensor products, we obtain a reduction to the case where the highest weights $λ$ and $μ$ are $p$-restricted. In this case, we also prove that $L(λ)\otimes L(μ)$ is comple…
Let $G=G(K)$ be a simple algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field $K$ of characteristic $p>0$. A subgroup $X$ of $G$ is said to be $G$-completely reducible if, whenever it is contained in a parabolic subgroup of $G$, it is contained in a Levi subgroup of that parabolic. A subgroup $X$ of $G$ is said to be $G$-irreducible if $X$ is in no parabolic subgroup of $G$; and $G$-reducible if it is in some parabolic of $G$. In this thesis, we consider the case that $G$ is of exceptional type. When $G$ is of type $G_2$ we find all conjugacy classes of closed, connected, reductive subgr…
The reducibility of the Specht modules for the Iwahori--Hecke algebras in type $A$ is still open in the case where the defining parameter $q$ equals -1. We prove the reducibility of a large class of Specht modules for these algebras.
We develop a new method for obtaining branching rules for affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras at negative integer levels. This method uses fusion rules for vertex operator algebras of affine type. We prove that an infinite family of ordinary modules for affine vertex algebra of type A investigated in Adamović and O. Perše (2008) is closed under fusion. Then we apply these fusion rules on explicit bosonic realization of level -1 modules for the affine Lie algebra of type $A_{\ell-1}^{(1)}$, obtain a new proof of complete reducibility for these representations, and the corresponding decomposition for …
Using Lusztig's geometric classification, we find the reducibility points of a standard module for the affine Hecke algebra, in the case when the inducing data is generic. This recovers the known result of Muic-Shahidi for representations of split p-adic groups with Iwahori-spherical Whittaker vectors. We also give a necessary (insufficient) condition for reducibility in the non-generic case.
Permutation modules are fundamental in the representation theory of symmetric groups $\Sym_n$ and their corresponding Iwahori--Hecke algebras $\He = \He(\Sym_n)$. We find an explicit combinatorial basis for the annihilator of a permutation module in the "integral" case -- showing that it is a cell ideal in G.E. Murphy's cell structure of $\He$. The same result holds whenever $\He$ is semisimple, but may fail in the non-semisimple case.
In a previous paper, the authors studied the radical filtration of a Weyl module $Δ_ζ(λ)$ for quantum enveloping algebras $U_ζ(\overset\circ{\mathfrak g})$ associated to a finite dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra $\overset\circ{\mathfrak g}$. There $ζ^2=\sqrt[e]{1}$ and $λ$ was, initially, required to be $e$-regular. Some additional restrictions on $e$ were required---e.g., $e>h$, the Coxeter number, and $e$ odd. Translation to a facet gave an explicit semisimple series for all quantum Weyl modules with singular, as well as regular, weights. That is, the sections of the filtration are…
Let $U_l$ be a quantum group at an $l$th root of unity. Many tilting modules for $U_l$ have been shown to have what we call a balanced semisimple filtration, or a Loewy series whose semisimple layers are symmetric about some middle layer. The existence of such filtrations suggests a remarkably straightforward algorithm for calculating these characters if the irreducible characters are already known. We first show that the results of this algorithm agree with Soergel's character formula for the regular tilting modules. We then show that these balanced semisimple filtrations really do exist for …
The main goal of this paper is to prove the following theorem: Let $\frak k$ be an $\frak {sl}_2$-subalgebra of a semisimple Lie algebra $\frak g$, none of whose simple factors is of type $A1$. Then there exists a positive integer $b(\frak k, \frak g)$, such that for every irreducible finite dimensional $\frak g$-module $V$, there exists an injection of $\frak k$-modules $W \to V$, where $W$ is an irreducible $\frak k$-module of dimension less than $b(\frak k, \frak g)$. This result was announced in math.RT/0310140.
We prove that, over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, a semisimple Hopf algebra that has a nontrivial self-dual simple module must have even dimension. This generalizes a classical result of W. Burnside. As an application, we show under the same assumptions that a semisimple Hopf algebra that has a simple module of even dimension must itself have even dimension.
Let $\mathbb{K}$ denote an algebraically closed field and $A$ a free product of finitely many semisimple associative $\mathbb{K}$-algebras. We associate to $A$ a finite acyclic quiver $Γ$ and show that the category of finite dimensional $A$-modules is equivalent to a full subcategory of the category ${\rm rep}(Γ)$ of finite dimensional representations of $Γ$. Under this equivalence, the simple $A$-modules correspond exactly to the $θ$-stable representations of $Γ$ for some stability parameter $θ$. This gives us necessary conditions for an $A$-module to be simple, conditions which are also suff…
We study {\em disemisimple} Lie algebras, i.e., Lie algebras which can be written as a vector space sum of two semisimple subalgebras. We show that a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ is disemisimple if and only if its solvable radical coincides with its nilradical and is a prehomogeneous $\mathfrak{s}$-module for a Levi subalgebra $\mathfrak{s}$ of $\mathfrak{g}$. We use the classification of prehomogeneous $\mathfrak{s}$-modules for simple Lie algebras $\mathfrak{s}$ given by Vinberg to show that the solvable radical of a disemisimple Lie algebra with simple Levi subalgebra is abelian. We extend th…
We study a semisimple extension of a Takiff superalgebra which turns out to have a remarkably rich representation theory. We determine the blocks in both the finite-dimensional and BGG module categories and also classify the Borel subalgebras. We further compute all extension groups between two finite-dimensional simple objects and prove that all non-principal blocks in the finite-dimensional module category are Koszul.
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a semisimple Lie algebra over $\mathbb{C}$ having rank $l$ and let $V=L(λ)$ be an irreducible finite-dimensional $\mathfrak{g}$-module having highest weight $λ.$ Computations of weight multiplicities in $V,$ usually based on Freudenthal's formula, are in general difficult to carry out in large ranks or for $λ$ with large coefficients (in terms of the fundamental weights). In this paper, we first show that in some situations, these coefficients can be "lowered" in order to simplify the calculations. We then investigate how this can be used to improve the aforementioned for…
We associate to an arbitrary positive root $α$ of a complex semisimple finite-dimensional Lie algebra $\mfrak{g}$ a twisting endofunctor $T_α$ of the category of $\mfrak{g}$-modules. We apply this functor to generalized Verma modules in the category $\mcal{O}(\mfrak{g})$ and construct a family of $α$-Gelfand--Tsetlin modules with finite $Γ_α$-multiplicities, where $Γ_α$ is a commutative $\C$-subalgebra of the universal enveloping algebra of $\mfrak{g}$ generated by a Cartan subalgebra of $\mfrak{g}$ and by the Casimir element of the $\mfrak{sl}(2)$-subalgebra corresponding to the root $α$. Thi…
This paper is the continuation of \cite{CXY}. Let ${\bf G}$ be a simply connected semisimple algebraic group over $\Bbbk=\bar{\mathbb{F}}_q$, the algebraically closure of $\mathbb{F}_q$ (the finite field with $q=p^e$ elements), and $F$ be the standard Frobenius map. Let ${\bf B}$ be an $F$-stable Borel subgroup and ${\bf T}$ an $F$-stable maximal torus contained in ${\bf B}$. This paper studies the original induced module $\op{Ind}_{\bf B}^{\bf G}λ=\Bbbk{\bf G}\otimes_{\Bbbk{\bf B}}λ$ (here $\Bbbk{\bf H}$ is the group algebra of the group ${\bf H}$, and $λ$ is a rational character of ${\bf T}$…
Given a measured space X with commuting actions of two groups G and H satisfying certain conditions, we construct a Hilbert C*(H)-module E(X) equipped with a left action of C*(G), which generalises Rieffel's construction of inducing modules. Considering G to be a semisimple Lie group and H to be the Levi component L of a parabolic subgroup P=LN, the Hilbert module associated to X=G/N encodes the P-series representations of G coming from parabolic subgroups associated to P. We provide several descriptions of this Hilbert module, corresponding to the classical pictures of P-series. We then chara…
In this short note we announce three formulas for the set of weights of various classes of highest weight modules $\V$ with highest weight λ, over a complex semisimple Lie algebra $\lie{g}$ with Cartan subalgebra $\lie{h}$. These include, but are not restricted to, all (highest weight) simple modules L(λ). We also assert that these formulas are the "best possible", in that they do not hold in general for other highest weight modules in a very precise sense. The proofs of the results in this note are included in an updated copy (Version 3) of the paper arxiv:1301.1140 . The proofs involve study…
In the present paper we continue the project of systematic classification and construction of invariant differential operators for non-compact semisimple Lie groups. This time we make the stress on one of the main building blocks, namely the Verma modules and the corresponding parabolic subalgebras. In particular, we start the study of the relation between the parabolic subalgebras of real semisimple Lie algebras and of their complexification. Two cases are given in more detail: the conformal algebra of 4D Minkowski space-time and the minimal parabolics of classical real semisimple Lie algebra…
We observe that on the level of derived categories, representations of the Lie algebra of a semisimple algebraic group over a field of characteristic $p> h$ (where $h$ is the Coxeter number), with a given (generalized) central character are the same as the coherent sheaves on (generalized) Springer fibers. The first step is to observe that the derived functor of global sections provides an equivalence between the derived category of $D$-modules (with no divided powers) on the flag variety and the appropriate derived category of modules over the corresponding Lie algebra. Thus the ``derived'' v…
Consider a simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ and $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}% \subset \mathfrak{g}$ a Levi subalgebra. Two irreducible $\overline{% \mathfrak{g}}$-modules yield isomorphic inductions to $\mathfrak{g}$ when their highest weights coincide up to conjugation by an element of the Weyl group $W$ of $\mathfrak{g}$ which is also a Dynkin diagram automorphism of $% \overline{\mathfrak{g}}$. In this paper we study the converse problem: given two irreducible $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}$-modules of highest weight $μ$ and $ν$ whose inductions to $\mathfrak{g}$ are isomorphic, can we conclude that…
Let $G$ be a semisimple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field $k$ of positive characteristic $p$. Under some restrictions on the size of $p$, the present paper establishes new results on the $G$-module structure of $\Ext^\bullet_{G_1}(V,W)$ when $V,W$ belong to several important classes of rational $G$-modules, and $G_1$ denotes the first Frobenius kernel of $G$. For example, it is proved that, if $L,L'$ are ($p$-regular) irreducible $G_1$-modules, then $\Ext^n_{G_1}(L,L')^{[-1]}$ has a good filtration with computable multiplicities. This and many other results depend on the entir…
We establish the faithfulness of Verma modules for rational Iwasawa algebras of split semisimple compact $L$-analytic groups. We also prove the algebraic independence of Arens-Michael envelopes over Iwasawa algebras and compute the centre of affinoid enveloping algebras of semisimple $p$-adic Lie algebras.
A Lie algebra is said to be generalised reductive if it is a direct sum of a semisimple Lie algebra and a commutative radical. In this paper we extend the BGG category $\mathcal{O}$ over complex semisimple Lie algebras to the category $\mathcal {O'}$ over complex generalised reductive Lie algebras. Then we make a preliminary research on the highest weight modules and the projective modules in this new category $\mathcal {O'}$, and generalize some conclusions in the classical case. As a critical difference from the complex semisimple Lie algebra case, we prove that there is no projective module…
We determine the structure of category $\cO$ for the rational Cherednik algebra of $G(m,1,n)$ in the case where the $\KZ$ functor satisfies a condition called \emph{separating simples}. As a consequence, we show that the property of having exactly $N-1$ simple modules, where $N$ is the number of simple modules of $G(m,1,n)$, determines the Ariki-Koike algebra up to isomorphism.
The existence and construction of self-dual codes in a permutation module of a finite group for the semisimple case are described from two aspects, one is from the point of view of the composition factors which are self-dual modules, the other one is from the point of view of the Galois group of the coefficient field.
Let G be a connected semisimple algebraic group over $k$, with Lie algebra $\g$. Let $\h$ be a subalgebra of $\g$. A simple finite-dimensional $\g$-module V is said to be $\h$-indecomposable if it cannot be written as a direct sum of two proper $\h$-submodules. We say that $\h$ is wide, if all simple finite-dimensional $\g$-modules are $\h$-indecomposable. Some very special examples of indecomposable modules and wide subalgebras appear recently in the literature. In this paper, we describe several large classes of wide subalgebras of $\g$ and initiate their systematic study. Our approach is ba…
We describe the second cohomology of a regular semisimple Hessenberg variety by generators and relations explicitly in terms of GKM theory. The cohomology of a regular semisimple Hessenberg variety becomes a module of a symmetric group $\mathfrak{S}_n$ by the dot action introduced by Tymoczko. As an application of our explicit description, we give a formula describing the isomorphism class of the second cohomology as an $\mathfrak{S}_n$-module. Our formula is not exactly the same as the known formula by Chow or Cho-Hong-Lee but they are equivalent. We also discuss its higher degree generalizat…
In this paper we generalize the notion of the Taylor spectrum to modules over an arbitrary Lie algebra and study it for finite-dimensional modules. We show that the spectrum can be described as the set of simple submodules in case of nilpotent and semisimple Lie algebras. We also show that this result does not hold for solvable Lie algebras and obtain a precise description of the spectrum in case of Borel subalgebras of semisimple Lie algebras.
Let G be a semisimple group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p>0. We give a (partly conjectural) simple, closed formula for the character of many indecomposable tilting rational G-modules, assuming that p is large.
We propose a new approach for the study of the Jacquet module of a Harish-Chandra module of a real semisimple Lie group. Using this method, we investigate the structure of the Jacquet module of principal series representation generated by the trivial $K$-type.
Let ${\bf G}$ be a simply connected semisimple algebraic group over $\Bbbk=\bar{\mathbb{F}}_q$, the algebraically closure of $\mathbb{F}_q$ (the finite field with $q=p^e$ elements), and $F$ be the standard Frobenius map. Let ${\bf B}$ be an $F$-stable Borel subgroup and ${\bf T}$ an $F$-stable maximal torus contained in ${\bf B}$. Set $G_{q^r}={\bf G}^{F^r}$ and $B_{q^r}={\bf B}^{F^r}$ for any $r>0$. This paper studies the original induced module $\op{Ind}_{\bf B}^{\bf G}λ=\Bbbk{\bf G}\otimes_{\Bbbk{\bf B}}λ$ (here $\Bbbk{\bf H}$ is the group algebra of the group ${\bf H}$, and $λ$ is a ration…
Let G --> G' be an embedding of semisimple complex Lie groups, let B and B' be a pair of nested Borel subgroups, and let f:G/B --> G'/B' be the associated equivariant embedding of flag manifolds. We study the pullbacks of cohomologies of invertible sheaves on G'/B' along the embedding f. Let O' be a G'-equivariant invertible sheaf on G'/B', and let O be its restriction to G/B. Consider the G-equivariant pullback on cohomology p : H(G'/B',O') --> H(G/B,O). The Borel-Weil-Bott theorem implies that the two cohomology spaces above are irreducible modules of G' and G respectively. By Schur's lemma,…
This article is an exposition of the 1967 Annals paper by Parthasarathy, Ranga Rao, and Varadarajan, on irreducible admissible Harish-Chandra modules over complex semisimple Lie groups and Lie algebras. It was written in Winter 2012 to be part of a special collection organized to mark 10 years and 25 volumes of the series "Texts and Readings in Mathematics (TRIM)". Each article in this collection is intended to give nonspecialists in its field, an appreciation for the impact and contributions of the paper being surveyed. Thus, the author has kept the prerequisites for this article down to a ba…
Let $G$ be a semisimple algebraic group over a field of characteristic $p > 0$. We prove that the dual Weyl modules for $G$ all have $p$-filtrations when $p$ is not too small. Moreover, we give applications of this theorem to $p^n$-filtrations for $n > 1$, to modules containing the Steinberg module as a tensor factor, and to the Donkin conjecture on modules having $p$-filtrations.
In this paper we classify and give Kazhdan-Lusztig type character formulas for equivariantly irreducible representations of Lie algebras of reductive algebraic groups over a field of large positive characteristic. The equivariance is with respect to a group whose connected component is a torus. Character computation is done in two steps. First, we treat the case of distinguished $p$-characters: those that are not contained in a proper Levi. Here we essentially show that the category of equivariant modules we consider is a cell quotient of an affine parabolic category $\mathcal{O}$. For this, w…
We extend Schaumann's theory of pivotal structures on fusion categories matched to a module category and of module traces developed in arXiv:1206.5716 to the case of non-semisimple tensor categories, and use it to study eigenvalues of the squared antipode $S^2$ in weak Hopf algebras. In particular, we diagonalize $S^2$ for semisimple weak Hopf algebras in characteristic zero, generalizing the result of Nikshych in the pseudounitary case. We show that the answer depends only on the Grothendieck group data of the pivotalizations of the categories involved and the global dimension of the fusion c…
We construct two categorifications of the Lusztig--Vogan module associated to a real reductive algebraic group. The first categorification is given by semisimple complexes in an equivariant derived category, and the second is constructed as a module category over Soergel bimodules. Our categorifications are related by taking equivariant hypercohomology.
In the present paper we study the representations of the Jacobi algebra. More concretely, we define, analogously to the case of semi-simple Lie algebras, the Verma modules over the Jacobi algebra ${\cal G}_2$. We study their reducibility and give explicit construction of the reducible Verma modules exhibiting the corresponding singular vectors. Using this information we give a complete classification of the reducible Verma modules. More than this we exhibit their interrelation of embeddings between these modules. These embeddings are illustrated by diagrams of the embedding patterns so that ea…
