We present interstellar C II (1334.5323 Å) and C II* (1335.7077 Å) column density measurements along 14 Galactic sight-lines. These sight-lines sample a variety of Galactic disk environments and include paths that range nearly two orders of magnitude in average hydrogen densities (<n(H)>) along the lines of sight. Five of the sight-lines show super-Solar gas phase abundances of carbon. Our results show that the excess carbon along these sight-lines may result from different mechanisms taking place in the regions associated with these stars.
Hydrogen column densities inferred from X-ray absorption are typically 5 - 30 times larger than the neutral atomic hydrogen column densities derived from 21cm HI absorption toward radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Some part of the difference is ascribed to uncertainty in the spin temperature \Tsp\ = 100 K that is often used to convert 21cm HI HI absorption to N(HI). Here we propose another way to infer the gas column from HI absorption. In our Galaxy there is a nearly linear correlation between the inteferometrically-measured integrated 21cm HI absorption \WHI\ and reddening, \WHI\ $\propto$ …
Multiphase turbulence as the origin of OH+, H2O+ and H3+ column density scatter in the local ISM
Technion Israel Institute of Technology（以色列理工学院）；The Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey（新泽西州立罗格斯大学）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation（西蒙斯基金会平顿研究所计算天体物理学中心）
Modeling CO Emission: I. CO as a Column Density Tracer and the X-Factor in Molecular Clouds
理论和观测研究表明，一氧化碳（CO）的丰度是非常敏感的气体介质的固有属性，如密度，金属，和背景紫外光场。为了准确地解释CO观测结果，重要的是要了解CO如何追踪气体，在分子云（MC）中主要是分子氢（H2）。Glover和Mac Low最近的流体动力学模拟明确地遵循了在不同条件下模型MC中分子的形成和破坏，证实了CO的形成强烈依赖于云的性质。相反，H2的形成主要由MC的年龄决定。我们应用辐射转移计算这些MC模型，以研究CO线发射的性质。我们专注于综合CO（J=1-0）的强度出现从个别的云，包括其关系的总，H2，CO柱密度，以及“X因子”，H2柱密度CO强度的比率。具有高CO丰度的模型在足够大的反射率下具有约65 K km/s的CO强度阈值。低CO丰度的云没有这样的强度阈值。H2柱密度的分布很好地描述为对数正态函数，尽管CO强度和柱密度的分布通常不是对数正态的。一般情况下，积分强度的PDF不遵循CO柱密度的分布函数。在类银河系条件下，X因子与观测确定的近似常数值一致。在CO丰度较低的云中，X因子可能会有明显的变化-有时超过4个数量级。在具有高密度的模型中，CO线完全饱和，因此X因子与分子柱密度成正比。
The high incidence rate of the O VI $λλ$1032,1038 absorption around low-redshift, $\sim$$L^*$ star-forming galaxies has generated interest in studies of the circumgalactic medium. We use the high-resolution EAGLE cosmological simulation to analyze the circumgalactic O VI gas around $z\approx0.3$ star-forming galaxies. Motivated by the limitation that observations do not reveal where the gas lies along the line-of-sight, we compare the O VI measurements produced by gas within fixed distances around galaxies and by gas selected using line-of-sight velocity cuts commonly adopted by observers. We …
Turbulent mixing layers (TMLs) are ubiquitous in multiphase gas. They can potentially explain observations of high ions such as O VI, which have significant observed column densities despite short cooling times. Previously, we showed that global mass, momentum and energy transfer between phases mediated by TMLs is not sensitive to details of thermal conduction or numerical resolution. By contrast, we show here that observables such as temperature distributions, column densities and line ratios are sensitive to such considerations. We explain the reason for this difference. We develop a prescri…
We examine the effects of SMBH feedback on the CGM using a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation \citep[{\sc Romulus25};][]{Tremmel2017} and a set of four zoom-in `genetically modified' Milky Way-mass galaxies sampling different evolutionary paths. By tracing the distribution of metals in the circumgalactic medium (CGM), we show that \ion{O}{6} is a sensitive indicator of supermassive black hole (SMBH) feedback. First, we calculate the column densities of \ion{O}{6} in simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies and compare them with observations from the COS-Halos Survey. Our simulations show column den…
MAGIICAT V. Orientation of Outflows and Accretion Determine the Kinematics and Column Densities of the Circumgalactic Medium
我们调查的依赖性的气体运动学和柱密度的镁吸收环星系介质上的星系颜色，方位角，和倾斜跟踪重子循环过程。利用哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的$0.3<z_{\rm gal}<1.0$上的30个前景孤立星系样本，在投影距离为$20<D<110$ kpc的范围内被背景类星体探测。从高分辨率（$Δv\simeq 6.6$ km s $^{-1}$）类星体光谱中，我们用像元速度两点关联函数量化了吸收体速度结构的程度.具有最大速度色散的吸收体与沿着投影短轴（$Φ\geq 45^{\circ}$）探测的蓝色正面（$i<57^{\circ}$）星系有关，而具有最小速度色散的吸收体则属于沿着短轴探测的红色正面星系。速度结构是相似的边缘上（$i \geq 57^{\circ}$）星系，无论星系的颜色或方位角，红星系的方位角，和蓝色和红色的星系沿投影主轴（$Φ<45^{\circ}$）探测。正面星系和红色星系的云柱密度分别小于边缘星系和蓝色星系。这些结果是一致的双锥流出沿短轴的恒星形成的星系和吸积和/或旋转的气体，这是最容易观察到的边缘上的星系探测沿主轴。流出气流中夹带的气体可能会因大的速度分散而破碎，而由于大的路径长度和较小的速度分散，在星系上吸积或围绕星系旋转的气体可能更连贯。静止的星系可能沿着短轴几乎没有流出，而沿着长轴可能存在吸积/旋转。
Using $HST$/COS observations of the twin quasar lines of sight Q$0107-025$A $\&$ Q$0107-025$B, we report on the physical properties, chemical abundances and transverse sizes of gas in a multiple galaxy environment at $z = 0.399$ across a transverse separation of $520$ kpc. The absorber towards Q$0107-025$B has $\log N(H I)/cm^{-2} \approx 16.8$ (partial Lyman limit) while the absorber towards the other sightline has $N(H I) \approx 2$ dex lower. The O VI along both sightlines have comparable column densities and broad $b$-values, whereas the low ionization lines are considerably narrower. The …
We present N-PDFs of 29 Galactic regions obtained from Herschel imaging at high angular resolution, covering diffuse and quiescent clouds, and those showing low-, intermediate-, and high-mass star formation (SF), and characterize the cloud structure using the Delta-variance tool. The N-PDFs are double-log-normal at low column densities, and display one or two power law tails (PLTs) at higher column densities. For diffuse, quiescent, and low-mass SF clouds, we propose that the two log-normals arise from the atomic and molecular phase, respectively. For massive clouds, we suggest that the first …
The Dependence of C IV Broad Absorption Line Properties on Accompanying Si IV and Al III Absorption: Relating Quasar-Wind Ionization Levels, Kinematics, and Column Densities
我们考虑如何配置文件和多年的变化特性的一个大样本的C IV宽吸收线（BAL）槽的变化时，BALs从Si IV和/或Al III是存在于相应的速度，表明视线拦截至少一些较低的电离气体。我们得出了一些观测结果C IV BALs分离根据存在或不存在的伴随较低的电离跃迁，包括测量复合剖面形状，等效宽度（EW），特征速度，复合变化剖面，和EW的变异性。我们还测量了EW和分数EW变异C IV，Si IV和Al III之间的相关性。我们的测量揭示了在吸积盘风模型中预期的电离水平、运动学和柱密度之间的基本相关变化;例如，包括较低电离物质的视线通常显示出较深和较宽的CIV槽，其具有较小的最小速度并且变化较小。许多不含Si IV或Al III BAL的C IV BAL可能仅具有轻度饱和或不具有饱和。
Observations of the cosmic evolution of different gas phases across time indicate a marked increase in the molecular gas mass density towards $z\sim 2-3$. Such a transformation implies an accompanied change in the global distribution of molecular hydrogen column densities ($N_{\rm{H_2}}$). Using observations by PHANGS-ALMA/SDSS and simulations by GRIFFIN/IllustrisTNG we explore the evolution of this H$_2$ column density distribution function [$f(N_{\rm{H}_2})$]. The H$_2$ (and HI) column density maps for TNG50 and TNG100 are derived in post-processing and are made available through the Illustr…
Where dust and gas are uniformly mixed, atomic hydrogen can be traced through the detection of far-infrared (FIR) or UV emission of dust. We considered, for the origin of discrepancies observed between various direct and indirect tracers of gas outside the Galactic plane, possible corrections to the zero levels of the Planck-HFI detectors. We set the zero levels of the Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) skymaps as well as the 100 $μ$m map from COBE/DIRBE and IRAS from the correlation between FIR emission and atomic hydrogen column density excluding regions of lowest gas column density. A m…
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are powered by accreting supermassive black holes, surrounded by a torus of obscuring material. Recent studies have shown how the torus structure, formerly thought to be homogeneous, appears to be 'patchy': the detection of variability in the line-of-sight hydrogen column density, in fact, matches the description of an obscurer with a complex structure made of clouds with different column density. In this work, we perform a multi-epoch analysis of the X-ray spectra of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7479 in order to estimate its torus properties, such as the average colum…
We present a census of neutral gas in the Milky Way disk and halo down to limiting column densities of $N$(HI)$\sim10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ using measurements of HI Lyman-series absorption from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Our results are drawn from an analysis of 25 AGN sightlines spread evenly across the sky with Galactic latitude |b|$\gtrsim 20^{\circ}$. By simultaneously fitting multi-component Voigt profiles to 11 Lyman-series absorption transitions covered by FUSE (Ly$β$-Ly$μ$) plus HST measurements of Ly$α$, we derive the kinematics and column densities of a sample of 15…
