This Note is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the minimal KPP speed of propagation for reaction- advection-diffusion equations with a large drift Mq (where q is the advection). We first give the limit of the speed as M\rightarrow+\infty in any space dimension N. Then, we give the necessary and sufficient condition that the advection field should satisfy so that the speed acts as O(M) as M \rightarrow+\infty.
This paper is devoted to the study of the asymptotic behaviors of the minimal speed of propagation of pulsating traveling fronts solving the Fisher-KPP reaction-advection-diffusion equation within either a large drift, a mixture of large drift and small reaction, or a mixture of large drift and large diffusion. We consider a periodic heterogenous framework and we use the formula of Berestycki, Hamel and Nadirashvili \cite{bhn2} for the minimal speed of propagation to prove the asymptotics in any space dimension $N.$ We express the limits as the maxima of certain variational quantities over the…
We study KPP pulsating front speed-up and effective diffusivity enhancement by general periodic incompressible flows. We prove the existence of and determine the limits $c^*(A)/A$ and $D(A)/A^2$ as $A\to\infty$, where $c^*(A)$ is the minimal front speed and $D(A)$ the effective diffusivity.
We obtain a criterion for pulsating front speed-up by general periodic incompressible flows in two dimensions and in the presence of KPP nonlinearities. We achieve this by showing that the ratio of the minimal front speed and the effective diffusivity of the flow is bounded away from zero and infinity by constants independent of the flow. We also study speed-up of reaction-diffusion fronts by various examples of flows in two and three dimensions.
In this paper, we prove the existence of the spreading speed of nonlocal KPP equations in two cases: 1. The media is almost periodic and the kernel of diffusion is continuous; 2. The media is periodic and the diffusion is not continuous but weak irreducible. To do this, we develop the theory of generalized principal eigenvalues, the method homogenization and special Harnack's inequalities of nonlocal diffusion equations.
We consider the Fisher-KPP equation with a non-local interaction term. We establish a condition on the interaction that allows for existence of non-constant periodic solutions, and prove uniform upper bounds for the solutions of the Cauchy problem, as well as upper and lower bounds on the spreading rate of the solutions with compactly supported initial data.
Variational principle for Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov (KPP) minimal front speeds provides an efficient tool for statistical speed analysis, as well as a fast and accurate method for speed computation. A variational principle based analysis is carried out on the ensemble of KPP speeds through spatially stationary random shear flows inside infinite channel domains. In the regime of small root mean square (rms) shear amplitude, the enhancement of the ensemble averaged KPP front speeds is proved to obey the quadratic law under certain shear moment conditions. Similarly, in the large rms amplitud…
This article is concerned with the rigorous validation of anomalous spreading speeds in a system of coupled Fisher-KPP equations of cooperative type. Anomalous spreading refers to a scenario wherein the coupling of two equations leads to faster spreading speeds in one of the components. The existence of these spreading speeds can be predicted from the linearization about the unstable state. We prove that initial data consisting of compactly supported perturbations of Heaviside step functions spreads asymptotically with the anomalous speed. The proof makes use of a comparison principle and the …
We prove the existence of reaction-diffusion traveling fronts in mean zero space-time periodic shear flows for nonnegative reactions including the classical KPP (Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov) nonlinearity. For the KPP nonlinearity, the minimal front speed is characterized by a variational principle involving the principal eigenvalue of a space-time periodic parabolic operator. Analysis of the variational principle shows that adding a mean-zero space time periodic shear flow to an existing mean zero space-periodic shear flow leads to speed enhancement. Computation of KPP minimal speeds is perf…
This paper is concerned with non-cooperative parabolic reaction--diffusion systems which share structural similarities with the scalar Fisher--KPP equation. These similarities make it possible to prove, among other results, an extinction and persistence dichotomy and, when persistence occurs, the existence of a positive steady state, the existence of traveling waves with a half-line of possible speeds and a positive minimal speed and the equality between this minimal speed and the spreading speed for the Cauchy problem. Non-cooperative KPP systems can model various phenomena where the followin…
We establish a new property of Fisher-KPP type propagation in a plane, in the presence of a line with fast diffusion. We prove that the line enhances the asymptotic speed of propagation in a cone of directions. Past the critical angle given by this cone, the asymptotic speed of propagation coincides with the classical Fisher-KPP invasion speed. Several qualitative properties are further derived, such as the limiting behaviour when the diffusion on the line goes to infinity.
We prove the existence of Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov (KPP) type traveling fronts in space-time periodic and mean zero incompressible advection, and establish a variational (minimization) formula for the minimal speeds. We approach the existence by considering limit of a sequence of front solutions to a regularized traveling front equation where the nonlinearity is combustion type with ignition cut-off. The limiting front equation is degenerate parabolic and does not permit strong solutions, however, the necessary compactness follows from monotonicity of fronts and degenerate regularity. We …
We establish the variational principle of Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov (KPP) front speeds in temporally random shear flows inside an infinite cylinder, under suitable assumptions of the shear field. A key quantity in the variational principle is the almost sure Lyapunov exponent of a heat operator with random potential. The variational principle then allows us to bound and compute the front speeds. We show the linear and quadratic laws of speed enhancement as well as a resonance-like dependence of front speed on the temporal shear correlation length. To prove the variational principle, we use…
This paper is concerned with the spatially periodic Fisher-KPP equation $u_t=(d(x)u_x)_x+(r(x)-u)u$, $x\in \mathbb{R}$, where $d(x)$ and $r(x)$ are periodic functions with period $L>0$. We assume that $r(x)$ has positive mean and $d(x)>0$. It is known that there exists a positive number $c^*_d(r)$, called the minimal wave speed, such that a periodic traveling wave solution with average speed $c$ exists if and only if $c \geq c^*_d(r)$. In the one-dimensional case, the minimal speed $c^*_d(r)$ coincides with the ``spreading speed'', that is, the asymptotic speed of the propagating front of a so…
The aim of this paper is to study the generalized Fisher-KPP equation with nonlocal diffusion. In specific we prove the existence of a critical speed so that traveling front type solutions exist up to this critical speed and non-existence of traveling fronts below this critical value. Moreover, we obtain uniqueness, up to translation, and decay estimates of these traveling fronts.
We consider a Fisher-KPP equation with density-dependent diffusion and advection, arising from a chemotaxis-growth model. We study its behavior as a small parameter, related to the thickness of a diffuse interface, tends to zero. We analyze, for small times, the emergence of transition layers induced by a balance between reaction and drift effects. Then we investigate the propagation of the layers. Convergence to a free-boundary limit problem is proved and a sharp estimate of the thickness of the layers is provided.
In this series of papers, we investigate the spreading and vanishing dynamics of time almost periodic diffusive KPP equations with free boundaries. Such equations are used to characterize the spreading of a new species in time almost periodic environments with free boundaries representing the spreading fronts. In the first part of the series, we showed that a spreading-vanishing dichotomy occurs for such free boundary problems (see [16]). In this second part of the series, we investigate the spreading speeds of such free boundary problems in the case that the spreading occurs. We first prove t…
We determine the asymptotic spreading speed of the solutions of a Fisher-KPP reaction-diffusion equation, starting from compactly supported initial data, when the diffusion coefficient is a fixed bounded monotone profile that is shifted at a given forcing speed and satisfies a general uniform ellipticity condition. Depending on the monotony of the profile, we are able to characterize this spreading speed as a function of the forcing speed and the two linear spreading speeds associated to the asymptotic problems. Most notably, when the profile of the coefficient diffusion is increasing we show …
We prove stochastic homogenization for reaction-advection-diffusion equations with random space-time-dependent KPP reactions with temporal correlations that are decaying in an appropriate sense. We show that the limiting homogenized dynamic has the simple form of spreading with some deterministic direction-dependent speeds from the support of the initial datum. We obtain analogous results for G-equations with random flame speeds and incompressible background advections. Important ingredients in our proofs are a non-autonomous subadditive theorem and the principle of virtual linearity for KPP r…
We study the Fisher-KPP equation with a fractional laplacian of order α \in (0, 1). We know that the stable state invades the unstable one at constant speed for α = 1, and at an exponential in time velocity for α \in (0, 1). The transition between these two different speeds is examined in this paper. We prove that during a time of the order - ln(1 - α), the propagation is linear and then it is exponential.
Incorporating free boundary into time-delayed reaction-diffusion equations yields a compatible condition that guarantees the well-posedness of the initial value problem. With the KPP type nonlinearity we then establish a vanishing-spreading dichotomy result. Further, when the spreading happens, we show that the spreading speed and spreading profile are nonlinearly determined by a delay-induced nonlocal semi-wave problem. It turns out that time delay slows down the spreading speed.
This paper is a continuation of [2] where a new model of biological invasions in the plane directed by a line was introduced. Here we include new features such as transport and reaction terms on the line. Their interaction with the pure diffusivity in the plane is quantified in terms of enhancement of the propagation speed. We establish conditions that determine whether the spreading speed exceeds the standard Fisher KPP invasion speed. These conditions involve the ratio of the diffusivities on the line and in the field, the transport term and the reactions. We derive the asymptotic behaviour …
In this work we investigate the issue of logarithmic drifts in the position of the level sets of solutions of monostable reaction-diusion equations, with respect to the traveling front with minimal speed. On the one hand, it is a celebrated result of Bramson that such a logarithmic drift occurs when the reaction is of the KPP (or sublinear) type. On the other hand, it is also known that this drift phenomenon disappears when the minimal front speed is nonlinearly determined. However, some monostable reaction-diusion equations fall in neither of those cases and our aim is to fill that gap. We pr…
In this paper we focus on three problems about the spreading speeds of nonlocal dispersal Fisher-KPP equations. First, we study the signs of spreading speeds and find that they are determined by the asymmetry level of the nonlocal dispersal and $f'(0)$, where $f$ is the reaction function. This indicates that asymmetric dispersal can influence the spatial dynamics in three aspects: it can determine the spatial propagation directions of solutions, influence the stability of equilibrium states, and affect the monotone property of solutions. Second, we give an improved proof of the spreading speed…
The notion of traveling wave, which typically refers to some particular spatio-temporal con- nections between two stationary states (typically, entire solutions keeping the same profile's shape through time), is essential in the mathematical analysis of propagation phenomena. They provide insight on the underlying dynamics, and an accurate description of large time behavior of large classes of solutions, as we will see in this paper. For instance, in an homogeneous framework, it is well-known that, given a fast decaying initial datum (for instance, compactly supported), the solution of a KPP t…
We study the asymptotic spreading of Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov (KPP) fronts in heterogeneous shifting habitats, with any number of shifting speeds, by further developing the method based on the theory of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Our framework addresses both reaction-diffusion equation and integro-differential equations with a distributed time-delay. The latter leads to a class of limiting equations of Hamilton-Jacobi-type depending on the variable $x/t$ and in which the time and space derivatives are coupled together. We will first establish uniqueness results for …
In this paper, we investigate spreading properties of the solutions of the Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov-type, (to be simple,KPP-type) lattice system \begin{equation}\label{firstequation}\overset{.}u_{i}(t) =d^{\prime}_{i}(u_{i+1}(t)-u_{i}(t))+d_{i}(u_{i-1}(t)-u_{i}(t))+f(i,u_{i}).\end{equation} we develop some new discrete Harnack-type estimates and homogenization techniques for this lattice system to construct two speeds $\overlineω\leq \underline ω$ such that $\displaystyle{\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}}\sup \limits_{i\geqωt}|u_i(t)|=0$ for any $ω>\overlineω$, and $\displaystyle{\lim_{t\righta…
This paper investigates the existence of generalized transition fronts for Fisher-KPP equations in one-dimensional, almost periodic media. Assuming that the linearized elliptic operator near the unstable steady state admits an almost periodic eigenfunction, we show that such fronts exist if and only if their average speed is above an explicit threshold. This hypothesis is satisfied in particular when the reaction term does not depend on x or (in some cases) is small enough. Moreover, except for the threshold case, the fronts we construct and their speeds are almost periodic, in a sense. When o…
The current paper is concerned with positive stationary solutions and spatial spreading speeds of KPP type evolution equations with random or nonlocal or discrete dispersal in locally spatially inhomogeneous media. It is shown that such an equation has a unique globally stable positive stationary solution and has a spreading speed in every direction. Moreover, it is shown that the localized spatial inhomogeneity of the medium neither slows down nor speeds up the spatial spreading in all the directions.
In this paper, we investigate propagation phenomena for KPP bulk-surface systems in a cylindrical domain with general section and heterogeneous coefficients. As for the scalar KPP equation, we show that the asymptotic spreading speed of solutions can be computed in terms of the principal eigenvalues of a family of self-adjoint elliptic operators. Using this characterization, we analyze the dependence of the spreading speed on various parameters, including diffusion rates and the size and shape of the section of the domain. In particular, we provide new theoretical results on several asymptotic…
We consider in this paper a reaction-diffusion system under a KPP hypothesis in a cylindrical domain in the presence of a shear flow. Such systems arise in predator-prey models as well as in combustion models with heat losses. Similarly to the single equation case, the existence of a minimal speed c* and of traveling front solutions for every speed c > c* has been shown both in the cases of heat losses distributed inside the domain or on the boundary. Here, we deal with the accordance between the two models by choosing heat losses inside the domain which tend to a Dirac mass located on the bou…
In the current series of two papers, we study the long time behavior of the following random Fisher-KPP equation $$ u_t =u_{xx}+a(θ_tω)u(1-u),\quad x\in\mathbb{R} $$ where $ω\inΩ$, $(Ω, \mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$ is a given probability space, $θ_t$ is an ergodic metric dynamical system on $Ω$, and $a(ω)>0$ for every $ω\inΩ$. We also study the long time behavior of the following nonautonomous Fisher-KPP equation, $$ u_t=u_{xx}+a_0(t)u(1-u),\quad x\in\mathbb{R}$$ where $a_0(t)$ is a positive locally Hölder continuous function. In this first part of the series, we investigate the stability of posit…
In this paper we consider a reaction-diffusion equation of Fisher-KPP type inside an infinite cylindrical domain in $\mathbb{R}^{N+1}$, coupled with a reaction-diffusion equation on the boundary of the domain, where potentially fast diffusion is allowed. We will study the existence of an asymptotic speed of propagation for solutions of the Cauchy problem associated with such system, as well as the dependence of this speed on the diffusivity at the boundary and the amplitude of the cylinder. When $N=1$ the domain reduces to a strip between two straight lines. This models the effect of two roads…
We consider in this paper a reaction-diffusion system in presence of a flow and under a KPP hypothesis. While the case of a single-equation has been extensively studied since the pioneering Kolmogorov-Petrovski-Piskunov paper, the study of the corresponding system with a Lewis number not equal to 1 is still quite open. Here, we will prove some results about the existence of travelling fronts and generalized travelling fronts solutions of such a system with the presence of a non-linear spacedependent loss term inside the domain. In particular, we will point out the existence of a minimal speed,…
We investigate the singular limit, as $\ep \to 0$, of the Fisher equation $\partial_t u=\ep Δu + \ep ^{-1}u(1-u)$ in the whole space. We consider initial data with compact support plus, possibly, perturbations very small as $\Vert x \Vert \to \infty$. By proving both generation and motion of interface properties, we show that the sharp interface limit moves by a constant speed, which is the minimal speed of some related one-dimensional travelling waves. We obtain an estimate of the thickness of the transition layers. We also exhibit initial data "not so small" at infinity which do not allow th…
This paper is concerned with propagation phenomena for the solutions of the Cauchy problem associated with a two-patch one-dimensional reaction-diffusion model. It is assumed that each patch has a relatively well-defined structure which is considered as homogeneous. A coupling interface condition between the two patches is involved. We first study the spreading properties of solutions in the case when the per capita growth rate in each patch is maximal at low densities, a configuration which we call the KPP-KPP case, and which turns out to have some analogies with the homogeneous KPP equation …
We study in this note the Fisher-KPP equation where the Laplacian is replaced by the generator of a Feller semigroup with slowly decaying kernel, an important example being the fractional Laplacian. Contrary to what happens in the standard Laplacian case, where the stable state invades the unstable one at constant speed, we prove here that invasion holds at an exponential in time velocity. These results provide a mathematically rigorous justification of numerous heuristics about this model.
We are interested in the time asymptotic location of the level sets of solutions to Fisher-KPP reaction-diffusion equations with fractional diffusion in periodic media. We show that the speed of propagation is exponential in time, with a precise exponent depending on a periodic principal eigenvalue, and that it does not depend on the space direction. This is in contrast with the Freidlin-Gärtner formula for the standard Laplacian.
In Cao, Du, Li and Li [8], a nonlocal diffusion model with free boundaries extending the local diffusion model of Du and Lin [12] was introduced and studied. For Fisher-KPP type nonlinearities, its long-time dynamical behaviour is shown to follow a spreading-vanishing dichotomy. However, when spreading happens, the question of spreading speed was left open in [8]. In this paper we obtain a rather complete answer to this question. We find a condition on the kernel function such that spreading grows linearly in time exactly when this condition holds, which is achieved by completely solving the a…
In the current series of two papers, we study the long time behavior of the following random Fisher-KPP equation $$ u_t =u_{xx}+a(θ_tω)u(1-u),\quad x\in\R, \eqno(1) $$ where $ω\inΩ$, $(Ω, \mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$ is a given probability space, $θ_t$ is an ergodic metric dynamical system on $Ω$, and $a(ω)>0$ for every $ω\inΩ$. We also study the long time behavior of the following nonautonomous Fisher-KPP equation, $$ u_t=u_{xx}+a_0(t)u(1-u),\quad x\in\R, \eqno(2) $$ where $a_0(t)$ is a positive locally Hölder continuous function. In the first part of the series, we studied the stability of posit…
We consider one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equations of Fisher-KPP type with random stationary ergodic coefficients. A classical result of Freidlin and Gartner [16] yields that the solutions of the initial value problems associated with compactly supported initial data admit a linear spreading speed almost surely. We use in this paper a new characterization of this spreading speed recently proved in [8] in order to investigate the dependence of this speed with respect to the heterogeneity of the diffusion and reaction terms. We prove in particular that adding a reaction term with null aver…
We consider a variational problem associated with the minimal speed of pulsating traveling waves of the equation $u_t=u_{xx}+b(x)(1-u)u$, $x\in{\mathbb R},\ t>0$, where the coefficient $b(x)$ is nonnegative and periodic in $x\in{\mathbb R}$ with a period $L>0$. It is known that there exists a quantity $c^*(b)>0$ such that a pulsating traveling wave with the average speed $c>0$ exists if and only if $c\geq c^*(b)$. The quantity $c^*(b)$ is the so-called minimal speed of pulsating traveling waves. In this paper, we study the problem of maximizing $c^*(b)$ by varying the coefficient $b(x)$ under …
We consider the Fisher-KPP equation with a non-local interaction term. Hamel and Ryzhik showed that in solutions of this equation, the front location at a large time $t$ is $\sqrt 2 t +o(t)$. We study the asymptotics of the second order term in the front location. If the interaction kernel $ϕ(x)$ decays sufficiently fast as $x\rightarrow \infty$ then this term is given by $-\frac{3}{2\sqrt 2 }\log t +o(\log t)$, which is the same correction as found by Bramson for the local Fisher-KPP equation. However, if $ϕ$ has a heavier tail then the second order term is $-t^{β+o(1)}$, where $β\in (0,1)$ d…
We propose here a new model to describe biological invasions in the plane when a strong diffusion takes place on a line. We establish the main properties of the system, and also derive the asymptotic speed of spreading in the direction of the line. For low diffusion, the line has no effect, whereas, past a threshold, the line enhances global diffusion in the plane and the propagation is directed by diffusion on the line. It is shown here that the global asymptotic speed of spreading in the plane, in the direction of the line, grows as the square root of the diffusion on the line. The model is …
We study traveling waves for a reaction-diffusion equation with nonlocal anisotropic diffusion and a linear combination of local and nonlocal monostable-type reactions. We describe relations between speeds and asymptotic of profiles of traveling waves, and prove the uniqueness of the profiles up to shifts.
We give an iterative method to estimate the disturbance of semi-wavefronts of the equation: $\dot{u}(t,x) = u''(t,x) +u(t,x)(1-u(t-h,x)),$ $x \in \mathbb{R},\ t >0;$ where $h>0.$ As a consequence, we show the exponential stability, with an unbounded weight, of semi-wavefronts with speed $c>2\sqrt{2}$ and $h>0$. Under the same restriction of $c$ and $h$, the uniqueness of semi-wavefronts is obtained.
This paper is concerned with transition fronts for reaction-diffusion equations of the Fisher-KPP type. Basic examples of transition fronts connecting the unstable steady state to the stable one are the standard traveling fronts, but the class of transition fronts is much larger and the dynamics of the solutions of such equations is very rich. In the paper, we describe the class of transition fronts and we study their qualitative dynamical properties. In particular, we characterize the set of their admissible asymptotic past and future speeds and their asymptotic profiles and we show that the …
We study the large time asymptotics of a solution of the Fisher-KPP reaction-diffusion equation, with an initial condition that is a compact perturbation of a step function. A well-known result of Bramson states that, in the reference frame moving as $2t - ({3}/{2}) \log t +x_\infty$, the solution of the equation converges as $t\to+\infty$ to a translate of the traveling wave corresponding to the minimal speed~$c_*=2$. The constant $x_\infty$ depends on the initial condition $u(0,x)$. The proof is elaborate, and based on probabilistic arguments. The purpose of this paper is to provide a simple…
This paper is devoted to the study of spatial propagation dynamics of species in locally spatially inhomogeneous patchy environments or media. For a lattice differential equation with monostable nonlinearity in a discrete homogeneous media, it is well-known that there exists a minimal wave speed such that a traveling front exists if and only if the wave speed is not slower than this minimal wave speed. We shall show that strongly localized spatial inhomogeneous patchy environments may prevent the existence of transition fronts (generalized traveling fronts). Transition fronts may exist in weak…
