In this paper, we propose a cognitive radio based Internet access framework for disaster response network deployment in challenged environments. The proposed architectural framework is designed to help the existent but partially damaged networks to restore their connectivity and to connect them to the global Internet. This architectural framework provides the basis to develop algorithms and protocols for the future cognitive radio network deployments in challenged environments.
This paper presents an approach towards disaster management based on cognitive radio ad hoc network. Despite the growing interests on cognitive radio ad hoc networks, not much work has been reported on using them for disaster management. This paper discusses opportunities for disaster management based on cognitive radio ad hoc networks. In this direction, the paper presents a novel technique for disaster detection based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The ANN is trained using backward propagation algorithm. An ANN-based spectrum sensing scheme is also presented. Finally, a service discover…
In this work, a disaster management scheme based on cognitive radio ad hoc network (CRAHN) has been presented. Disaster management has been a big problem for mankind for years. However, still not much research work has been presented on this problem. Technology has been employed in past few years to address this problem. Cognitive radio ad hoc network presents a viable solution for disaster management. It can be deployed rapidly without infrastructure and it solves the spectrum scarcity and congestion issues that arise during disaster. This paper presents a novel solution for disaster manageme…
Mobile devices have shown to be very useful during and post disaster. If the communication infrastructure breaks down, however, they become almost useless as most services rely on Internet connectivity. Building post-disaster networks based purely on smartphones remains a challenging task, and, as of today, no practical solutions exist. The rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) offers the possibility to improve this situation. With an increase in smart spaces such as smart homes and smart offices, we move towards digital cities that are deeply penetrated by IoT technology. Many IoT devices …
Disasters lead to devastating structural damage not only to buildings and transport infrastructure, but also to other critical infrastructure, such as the power grid and communication backbones. Following such an event, the availability of minimal communication services is however crucial to allow efficient and coordinated disaster response, to enable timely public information, or to provide individuals in need with a default mechanism to post emergency messages. The Internet of Things consists in the massive deployment of heterogeneous devices, most of which battery-powered, and interconnecte…
Current handoffs are not designed to achieve multiple desirable features simultaneously. This weakness has resulted in handoff schemes that are seamless but not adaptive, or adaptive but not secure, or secure but not autonomous, or autonomous but not correct, etc. To face this limitation, we initiated a research project to develop a new kind of handoff system which attains multiple purposes simultaneously by using context information from the external and internal handoff environment. We envision a cognitive handoff as a multipurpose, multi-criteria, environment-aware, and policy-based handoff…
Extreme events and disasters resulting from climate change or other ecological factors are difficult to predict and manage. Current limitations of state-of-the-art approaches to disaster prediction and management could be addressed by adopting new unorthodox risk assessment and management strategies. The next generation Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), 5G wireless communication, and big data analytics technologies are the key enablers for future effective disaster management infrastructures. In this chapter, we commissioned a survey on emerging wireless communication …
This paper focuses on cognitive radio (CR) internet- of-things (IoT) networks where spectrum sensors are deployed for IoT CR devices, which do not have enough hardware capability to identify an unoccupied spectrum by themselves. In this sensor- enabled IoT CR network, the CR devices and the sensors are separated. It induces that spectrum occupancies at locations of CR devices and sensors could be different. To handle this difference, we investigate a conditional interference distribution (CID) at the CR device for a given measured interference at the sensor. We can observe a spatial correlatio…
A cognitive handoff is a multipurpose handoff that achieves many desirable features simultaneously; e.g., seamlessness, autonomy, security, correctness, adaptability, etc. But, the development of cognitive handoffs is a challenging task that has not been properly addressed in the literature. In this paper, we discuss the difficulties of developing cognitive handoffs and propose a new model-driven methodology for their systematic development. The theoretical framework of this methodology is the holistic approach, the functional decomposition method, the model-based design paradigm, and the theo…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) introduces a paradigm shift from a host centric communication model for Future Internet architectures. It supports the retrieval of a particular content regardless of the physical location of the content. Emergency network in a disaster scenario or disruptive network presents a significant challenge to the ICN deployment. In this paper, we present a Content dIstribution and retrieval framework in disaster netwOrks for public pRotection (CIDOR) which exploits the design principle of the native CCN architecture in the native Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) ar…
Blockchain is the driving force behind a myriad of decentralized applications (dapps) that promise to transform the Internet. The next generation Internet, or web3, introduces a "universal state layer" to store data in p2p networks. Swarm, a native layer of the Ethereum web3 stack, aims at providing redundant storage for dapp code, data, as well as, blockchain and state data. Based on a diploma verification dapp use case, we share insights on the role of redundancy strategies in designing a reliable storage layer. Our proof-of-concept improves Swarm's resilience to failures by balancing repair…
Disaster relief networks are designed to be adaptable and resilient so to encompass the demands of the emergency service. Cognitive Radio enhanced ad-hoc architecture has been put forward as a candidate to enable such networks. Spectrum sensing, the cornerstone of the Cognitive Radio paradigm, has been the focus of intensive research, from which the main conclusion was that its performance can be greatly enhanced through the use of cooperative sensing schemes. To apply the Cognitive Radio paradigm to Ad-hoc disaster relief networks, the design of effective cooperative spectrum sensing schemes …
The recent advancement of cloud technology offers unparallel strength to support intelligent computations and advanced services to assist with automated decisions to improve road transportation safety and comfort. Besides, the rise of machine intelligence propels the technological evolution of transportation systems one step further and leads to a new framework known as Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (C-IoV). The redefined cognitive technology in this framework promises significant enhancements and optimized network capacities compared with its predecessor framework, the Internet of Vehicles (…
Spectrum Scarcity is a global problem across the world. This paper emphasizes on the fact that a global problem has to be dealt on global basis, not just locally by applying the principle of global cognitive radio,Global Opportunistic Remote Spectrum Access. The Future Internet and Internet of Things literally scare the communication system designer regarding the available bandwidth and spectrum resources. There is absolutely no scope to waste or under utilize the available resources. Hence the proposed idea of Global Cognitive Radio Concept can undoubtedly solve the resource problems in next …
Investigating operation of the Internet in orbit: Five years of collaboration around CLEO
Cisco Systems Global Government Solutions Group（思科系统全球政府解决方案集团）；Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, University of Surrey（萨里卫星技术有限公司，萨里大学）；NASA Glenn Research Center（美国国家航空航天局格伦研究中心）；Verizon Federal Network Systems（威瑞森联邦网络系统）
Over the past few years, we have experienced great technological advancements in the information and communication field, which has significantly contributed to reshaping the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) concept. Evolving from the platform of a collection of sensors aiming to collect data, the data exchanged paradigm among vehicles is shifted from the local network to the cloud. With the introduction of cloud and edge computing along with ubiquitous 5G mobile network, it is expected to see the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in data processing and smart decision imminent. So as…
Blind spots are one of the causes of road accidents in the hilly and flat areas. These blind spot accidents can be decreased by establishing an Internet of Vehicles (IoV) using Vehicle-2-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-2-Infrastrtructure (V2I) communication systems. But the problem with these IoV is that most of them are using DSRC or single Radio Access Technology (RAT) as a wireless technology, which has been proven to be failed for efficient communication between vehicles. Recently, Cognitive Radio (CR) based IoV have to be proven best wireless communication systems for vehicular networks. Howeve…
A Cognitive Radio is a type of Software-Defined Radio (SDR) that automatically detects available wireless spectrum and adjusts its physical hardware, modulation, or protocol parameters to obtain optimal throughput, latency, and range. Much of prior Cognitive Radio research and design has required expensive transceivers using licensed bands that are not openly available for use by unlicensed users. This thesis presents a low-cost hardware platform built from off-the-shelf components that utilizes free to use Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands, and implements a concurrent multi-spec…
In many application areas such as large-scale disaster detection, IoT networks connote the characteristics of LLN (Low power and Lossy Network). With few exceptions, prior work on RPL(Routing Protocol for LLN), a standard routing protocol standardized in the IETF, has focused on the evaluation of various aspects of routing performances and control overheads. In this paper, we address the problem of DODAG (Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph) created by the direct application of RPL. We first evaluate the skewness of DODAG both via numerical simulations and via actual large-scale testbe…
Increasing mobile data demands in current cellular networks and proliferation of advanced handheld devices have given rise to a new generation of dynamic network architectures (DNAs). In a DNA, users share their connectivities and act as access points providing Internet connections for others without additional network infrastructure cost. A large number of users and their dynamic connections make DNA highly adaptive to variations in the network and suitable for low cost ubiquitous Internet connectivity. In this article, we propose a novel collaborative cognitive dynamic network architecture (…
In the Urban Internet of Things devices and systems are interconnected at the city scale to provide innovative services to the citizens.However, the traffic generated by the sensing and processing systems may overload local access networks. A coexistence problem arises where concurrent applications mutually interfere and compete for available resources. This effect is further aggravated by the multiple scales involved and heterogeneity of the networks supporting the urban IoT. One of the main contributions of this paper is the introduction of the notion of content-oriented cognitive interferen…
To fully empower sensor networks with cognitive Internet of Things (IoT) technology, efficient medium access control protocols that enable the coexistence of cognitive sensor networks with current wireless infrastructure are as essential as the cognitive power in data fusion and processing due to shared wireless spectrum. Cognitive radio (CR) is introduced to increase spectrum efficiency and support such an endeavor, which thereby becomes a promising building block toward facilitating cognitive IoT. In this paper, primary users (PUs) refer to devices in existing wireless infrastructure, and se…
In recent years, a large number of smart devices will be connected in Internet of Things (IoT) using an ad hoc network, which needs more frequency spectra. The cognitive radio (CR) technology can improve spectrum utilization in an opportunistic communication manner for IoT, forming a promising paradigm known as cognitive radio ad hoc networks,CRAHNs. However, dynamic spectrum availability and mobile devices/persons make it difficult to develop an efficient data transmission scheme for CRAHNs under an obstacle environment. Opportunistic routing can leverage the broadcast nature of wireless chan…
This paper introduces a rapidly deployable wireless network based on Low Altitude Platforms and portable land units to support disaster-relief activities, and to extend capacity during temporary mass events. The system integrates an amalgam of radio technologies such as LTE, WLAN and TETRA to provide heterogeneous communications in the deployment location. Cognitive radio is used for autonomous network configuration. Sensor networks monitor the environment in real-time during relief activities and provide distributed spectrum sensing capacities. Finally, remote communications are supported via…
The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an emerging communication ecosystem developed for connecting underwater objects in maritime and underwater environments. The IoUT technology is intricately linked with intelligent boats and ships, smart shores and oceans, automatic marine transportations, positioning and navigation, underwater exploration, disaster prediction and prevention, as well as with intelligent monitoring and security. The IoUT has an influence at various scales ranging from a small scientific observatory, to a midsized harbor, and to covering global oceanic trade. The networ…
The relentless development of the Internet of Things (IoT) communication technologies and the gradual maturity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to a powerful cognitive computing ability. Users can now access efficient and convenient smart services in smart-city, green-IoT and heterogeneous networks. AI has been applied in various areas, including the intelligent household, advanced health-care, automatic driving and emotional interactions. This paper focuses on current wireless-communication technologies, including cellular-communication technologies (4G, 5G), low-power wide-area (LPWA…
The proliferation of advanced information technologies (IT), especially the wide spread of Internet of Things (IoTs) makes wireless spectrum a precious resource. Cognitive radio network (CRN) has been recognized as the key to achieve efficient utility of communication bands. Because of the great difficulty, high complexity and regulations in dynamic spectrum access (DSA), it is very challenging to protect CRNs from malicious attackers or selfish abusers. Primary user emulation (PUE) attacks is one type of easy-to-launch but hard-to-detect attacks in CRNs that malicious entities mimic PU signal…
Current remote patient monitoring (RPM) systems are fully reliant on the Internet. However, complete reliance on Internet connectivity is impractical in rural and remote environments where modern infrastructure is often lacking, power outages are frequent, and/or network connectivity is sparse (e.g. rural communities, mountainous regions of Appalachia, American Indian reservations, developing countries, and natural disaster situations). This paper proposes augmenting intermittent Internet with opportunistic communication to leverage the social behaviors of patients, caregivers, and community m…
This article presents a distributed solution to autonomous quality of service provision in cognitive radio networks. Specifically, cognitive STDMA and CDMA communication networks are studied. Based on asynchronous weak commitment search the task of QoS provision is distributed among different network nodes. Simulation results verify this scheme converges very fast to optimal solution, which makes it suitable for practical real time systems. This application of artificial intelligence in wireless and mobile communications can be used in home automation and networking, and vehicular technology. …
The explosive increase in number of smart devices hosting sophisticated applications is rapidly affecting the landscape of information communication technology industry. Mobile subscriptions, expected to reach 8.9 billion by 2022, would drastically increase the demand of extra capacity with aggregate throughput anticipated to be enhanced by a factor of 1000. In an already crowded radio spectrum, it becomes increasingly difficult to meet ever growing application demands of wireless bandwidth. It has been shown that the allocated spectrum is seldom utilized by the primary users and hence contain…
Cooperative Communications (CC) has been one of most critical communication technologies which plays a founding role on Internet of Everything in B5G/6G networks. As 5G communications standard is gradually established recently, core communications technologies with CC are further studied to significantly improve communication quality and develop new communications scenarios for B5G/6G ubiquitous networks. Considering that CC has been regarded as foundation theory which widely exists in future multiple B5G/6G hybrid scenarios, such as, Cognitive Internet of Things (CIOT) networks, UAVs communic…
Radio Frequency powered Cognitive Radio Networks (RF-CRN) are likely to be the eyes and ears of upcoming modern networks such as Internet of Things (IoT), requiring increased decentralization and autonomous operation. To be considered autonomous, the RF-powered network entities need to make decisions locally to maximize the network throughput under the uncertainty of any network environment. However, in complex and large-scale networks, the state and action spaces are usually large, and existing Tabular Reinforcement Learning technique is unable to find the optimal state-action policy quickly.…
National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；Auckland University of Technology（奥克兰理工大学）；Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）
With the development of the 5G and Internet of Things, amounts of wireless devices need to share the limited spectrum resources. Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is a promising paradigm to remedy the problem of inefficient spectrum utilization brought upon by the historical command-and-control approach to spectrum allocation. In this paper, we investigate the distributed DSA problem for multi-user in a typical multi-channel cognitive radio network. The problem is formulated as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP), and we proposed a centralized off-line training…
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Auburn University（奥本大学）；Tianjin University（天津大学）
Edge computing-enhanced Internet of Vehicles (EC-IoV) enables ubiquitous data processing and content sharing among vehicles and terrestrial edge computing (TEC) infrastructures (e.g., 5G base stations and roadside units) with little or no human intervention, plays a key role in the intelligent transportation systems. However, EC-IoV is heavily dependent on the connections and interactions between vehicles and TEC infrastructures, thus will break down in some remote areas where TEC infrastructures are unavailable (e.g., desert, isolated islands and disaster-stricken areas). Driven by the ubiqui…
It has become very essential to address the limited spectrum capacity and their efficient utilization to support the increasing number of Internet of Things devices. When it comes to medical infrastructure, it becomes very imperative for medical devices to communicate with the base station. In such situations, communication over the wireless medium must provide optimized throughput (data rate) with effectual energy usage, which will ensure precise medical feedback by the responsible staff. Taking into account, it is necessary to operate wireless communication precisely at a higher frequency wi…
In this paper, we analyze a Cognitive Radio-based Internet-of-Things (CR-IoT) network comprising a Primary Network Provider (PNP) and an IoT operator. The PNP uses its licensed spectrum to serve its users. The IoT operator identifies the white-space in the licensed band at regular intervals and opportunistically exploits them to serve the IoT nodes under its coverage. IoT nodes are battery-operated devices that require periodical energy replenishment. We employ the Microwave Power Transfer (MPT) technique for its superior energy transfer efficiency over long-distance. The white-space detection…
AI-Driven Green Cognitive Radio Networks for Sustainable 6G Communication
Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学）；University Institute of Computing（计算大学学院）；Chandigarh University（昌迪加尔大学）；Gyancity Research Consultancy（Gyancity研究咨询公司）
It is commonly agreed that data will be one of the cornerstones of Future Internet systems. In this context, mobile Opportunistic Networks (ONs) are one of the key paradigms to support, in a self-organising and decentralised manner, the growth of data generated by localized interactions between users mobile devices, and between them and nearby devices such as IoT nodes. In ONs, the spontaneous collaboration among mobile devices is exploited to disseminate data toward interested users. However, the limited resources and knowledge available at each node, and the vast amount of data available, ma…
Diffusion-Based Stress Testing of Overload Monitoring for Resilient Emergency Cellular Networks Using Internet CDR Proxies
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong（香港恒生大学）；Hong Kong Shue Yan University（香港树仁大学）
