{The \ion{Na}{x} X-ray lines between 10.9 and 11.2~Å have attracted little attention but are of interest since they enable an estimate of the coronal abundance of Na to be made. This is of great interest in the continuing debate on the nature of the FIP (first ionization potential) effect. } {Observations of the \ion{Na}{x} lines with the Solar Maximum Mission Flat Crystal Spectrometer and a rocket-borne X-ray spectrometer are used to measure the Na/Ne abundance ratio, i.e. the ratio of an element with very low FIP to one with high FIP.} {New atomic data are used to generate synthetic spectra which are compared with the observations, with temperature and the Na/Ne abundance ratio as free parameters.} {Temperature estimates from the observations indicate that the line emission is principally from non-flaring active regions, and that the Na/Ne abundance ratio is $0.07 \pm 50$\%.} {The Na/Ne abundance ratio is close to a coronal value for which the abundances of low-FIP elements (FIP $< 10$~eV) are enhanced by a factor of 3 to 4 over those found in the photosphere. For low-temperature ($T_e \leqslant 1.5$~MK) spectra, the presence of \ion{Fe}{xvii} lines requires that either a higher-temperature component is present or a revision of ionization or recombination rates is needed. }
Dynamics of coronal rain and descending plasma blobs in solar prominences: II. partially ionized case
日冕雨团和日珥结是色球层到过渡区温度的密集凝聚，这些温度在更热的日冕中下降。它们的典型速度范围分别为30- 150 km~s $^{-1}$和10- 30 km~s $^{-1}$的数量级，即，它们比自由降落速度小得多。这些冷团块包含电离和中性物质的混合物，它们必须动态耦合才能像观察到的那样落在一起。我们调查这种耦合的流体动力学模拟，其中耦合产生的离子和中性粒子之间的摩擦。这里提出的数值模拟是\citet{oliver2014}的部分电离的情况下的扩展。我们发现，尽管在团簇中心两种粒子的相对漂移速度小于1 m s $^{-1}$，但它足以产生强耦合带电粒子和中性粒子所需的力.对于完全电离的等离子体，电离度对我们以前工作的主要结果没有明显的影响：凝结有一个初始加速阶段，随后是一个大致恒定速度的时期，此外，最大下降速度明显与初始团块与环境密度的比值相关。
In this paper we present a numerical study of the dynamics of partially ionized coronal rain blobs. We use a two-fluid model to perform a high-resolution 2D simulation that takes into account the collisional interaction between the charged and neutral particles contained in the plasma. We follow the evolution of a cold plasma condensation as it falls through an isothermal vertically stratified atmosphere that represents the much hotter and lighter solar corona. We study the consequences of the different degrees of collisional coupling that are present in the system. On the one hand, we find th…
X-ray emission generated through solar-wind charge exchange (SWCX) is known to contaminate X-ray observation data, the amount of which is often significant or even dominant, particularly in the soft X-ray band, when the main target is comparatively weak diffuse sources, depending on the space weather during the observation. In particular, SWCX events caused by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) tend to be spectrally rich and to provide critical information about the metal abundance in the ICME plasma. We analyzed the SN1006 background data observed with Suzaku on 2005 September 11 s…
There is observational evidence of the presence of small-amplitude transverse magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves with a wide range of frequencies in the threads of solar prominences. It is believed that the waves are driven at the photosphere and propagate along the magnetic field lines up to prominences suspended in the corona. The dissipation of MHD wave energy in the partially ionized prominence plasma is a heating mechanism whose relevance needs to be explored. Here we consider a simple 1D model for a non-uniform thin thread and investigate the heating associated with dissipation of Alfven wa…
The physics of the solar chromosphere is complex from both theoretical and modeling perspectives. The plasma temperature from the photosphere to corona increases from ~5,000 K to ~1 million K over a distance of only ~10,000 km from the chromosphere and the transition region. Certain regions of the solar atmosphere have sufficiently low temperature and ionization rates to be considered as weakly-ionized. In particular, this is true at the lower chromosphere. In this paper, we present an overview of our data-driven magnetohydrodynamics model for the weakly-ionized chromosphere and show a benchma…
In the context of the solar atmosphere, we re-examine the role of of neutral and ionized species in dissipating the ordered energy of intermediate-mode MHD waves into heat. We solve conservation equations for the hydrodynamics and for hydrogen and helium ionization stages, along closed tubes of magnetic field. First, we examine the evolution of coronal plasma under conditions where coronal heating has abruptly ceased. We find that cool ($< 10^5$K) structures are formed lasting for several hours. MHD waves of modest amplitude can heat the plasma through ion-neutral collisions with sufficient en…
The infrared solar spectrum contains a wealth of physical data about the Sun and is being explored using modern detectors and technology with new ground-based solar telescopes. One such instrument will be the ground-based Cryogenic Near-IR Spectro-Polarimeter of the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope that will be capable of sensitive imaging of the faint infrared solar coronal spectra with full Stokes I, Q, U, and V polarization states. Highly ionized magnetic dipole emission lines have been observed in galaxies and the solar corona. Quantifying the accuracy of spectral inversion procedures requ…
We present a new insight into the propagation, attenuation and dissipation of two-fluid, torsional Alfvén waves in the context of heating of the lower solar atmosphere. By means of numerical simulations of the partially-ionized plasma, we solve the set of two-fluid equations for ion plus electron and neutral fluids in three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian geometry. We implement initially a current-free magnetic field configuration, corresponding to a magnetic flux-tube that is rooted in the solar photosphere and expands into the chromosphere and corona. We put the lower boundary of our simulation r…
The physics of the solar chromosphere is complex from both theoretical and modeling perspectives. The plasma temperature from the photosphere to corona increases from ~5,000 K to ~1 million K over a distance of only ~10,000 km from the chromosphere and the transition region. Certain regions of the solar atmosphere have sufficiently low temperature and ionization rates to be considered as weakly-ionized. In particular, this is true at the lower chromosphere. As a result, the Cowling resistivity is orders of magnitude greater than the Coulomb resistivity. Ohm's law therefore includes anisotropic…
Presence of solar inner F-corona and coronal heating
Nanjing University（南京大学）；Institute of Optics and Electronics, CAS（中国科学院光电技术研究所）；Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Yunnan Amateur Astronomers Association（云南天文爱好者协会）；Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS（中国科学院上海天文台）；Yunnan Observatories, CAS（中国科学院云南天文台）
The solar atmosphere is composed of many species which are populated at different ionization and excitation levels. The upper chromosphere, transition region, and corona are nearly collisionless. Consequently, slippage between, for instance, ions and neutral particles, or interactions between separate species, may play important roles. We have developed a 3D multi-fluid and multi-species numerical code (Ebysus) to investigate such effects. Ebysus is capable of treating species (e.g., hydrogen, helium, etc) and fluids (neutrals, excited and ionized elements) separately, including non-equilibriu…
Neutral Helium Triplet Spectroscopy of Quiescent Coronal Rain with Sensitivity Estimates for Spectropolarimetric Magnetic Field Diagnostics
由于其极化性和磁场敏感性，以及中性氦在部分电离太阳环境中的作用，中性氦三重态（orthohelium）系统提供了重要的，但未充分利用，诊断太阳日冕雨。这项工作描述了在NOAA活动区12468冠状雨的离边观测，在他我10830 $Å$三重获得使用大规模MultipleXed成像光谱仪实验在邓恩太阳望远镜以及从美国宇航局的太阳动力学观测和界面区域成像光谱仪的同时观测。我们在IRIS 1400 $Å$和2796 $Å$通道以及He I 10830 $Å$中同时探测雨。所有通道之间存在的空间相干性与以前观测到的日冕雨的多热性质一致。通过自动探测确定的He I谱廓线的统计分析表明，He I谱线辐射平均为$10^{4}$ ergs cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$ sr $^{-1}$ ;平均平移速度为70 km s $^{-1}$，多普勒宽度分布在10 km s $^{-1}$左右。基于这些结果，预期He I极化信号的前向模型使我们能够使用合成观测值和反演算法（包括适合散射角约束材料沿视线的位置）来估计即将到来的美国国家科学基金会的Daniel K. Inouye太阳望远镜。我们预测联合观测的He I 10830 $Å$和5876 $Å$多重，使用第一光仪器，将提供反向磁场错误的$\pm3.5$ G（$2σ$）的空间尺度的$0.5''$（$\sim360$公里）假设动态有限的积分时间…
Two-dimensional Radiative Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Partial Ionization in the Chromosphere. II. Dynamics and Energetics of the Low Solar Atmosphere
The Inverse First Ionization Potential (FIP) Effect, the depletion in coronal abundance of elements like Fe, Mg, and Si that are ionized in the solar chromosphere relative to those that are neutral, has been identified in several solar flares. We give a more detailed discussion of the mechanism of fractionation by the ponderomotive force associated with magnetohydrodynamic waves, paying special attention to the conditions in which Inverse FIP fractionation arises in order to better understand its relation to the usual FIP Effect, i.e. the enhancement of coronal abundance of Fe, Mg, Si, etc. Th…
The [Fe XIII] Infrared 10747 Angstrom and 10798 Angstrom Lines in Novae
Physical Research Laboratory（物理研究实验室）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；Keele University（基尔大学）；Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab（双子座天文台/美国国家科学基金会NOIRLab）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Suzaku detected an enhancement of soft X-ray background associated with solar eruptions on 2013 April 14-15. The solar eruptions were accompanied by an M6.5 solar flare and a coronal mass ejection with magnetic flux ropes. The enhanced soft X-ray background showed a slight variation in half a day and then a clear one in a few hours. The former spectrum was composed of oxygen emission lines, while the later one was characterized by a series of emission lines from highly ionized carbon to silicon. The soft X-ray enhancement originated from geocoronal solar wind charge exchange. However, there ap…
The elemental composition of the Sun's hot atmosphere, the corona, shows a distinctive pattern that is different than the underlying surface, or photosphere (Pottasch 1963). Elements that are easy to ionize in the chromosphere are enhanced in abundance in the corona compared to their photospheric values. A similar pattern of behavior is often observed in the slow speed (< 500 km/s) solar wind (Meyer 1985), and in solar-like stellar coronae (Drake et al. 1997), while a reversed effect is seen in M-dwarfs (Liefke et al. 2008). Studies of the inverse effect have been hampered in the past because …
