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宇宙学流体动力学模拟中的类星体成团:合并的证据

Quasar Clustering in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations: Evidence for mergers

Colin DeGraf, Tiziana Di Matteo, Volker Springel

摘要:

我们研究的类星体人口的集群特性,从完全流体动力学宇宙学模拟,直接遵循黑洞的增长。我们发现,黑洞的关联函数是最好的描述两个不同的组件:从BH对占据相同的暗物质晕(“1-晕术语”),其中占主导地位的规模低于300 kpc/h,和贡献从BH占主导地位的单独的晕(“2-晕术语”),在较大的尺度。从2-晕BH项中,我们发现了暗端类星体(在我们的模拟体积中探测到的那些)的典型宿主晕质量,从z=5到z=1,分别从10^11到几个10^12太阳质量不等(与平均宿主晕质量一致)。BH的关联函数显示出光度依赖性作为红移的函数,虽然弱到足以与观测约束一致。在小尺度下,我们的模拟的高分辨率使我们能够详细地探测1-晕聚类,发现1-晕项遵循近似的幂律,缺乏在星系和暗物质的1-晕项中发现的小尺度下斜率的特征性减小。我们发现,这种差异是一个直接的结果,在小规模的类星体的偏见所造成的星系托管多个类星体(1-subhalo项)合并事件后,通常是一个大的中央子组和一个较小的,卫星子组托管一个相对较小的黑洞。我们表明,我们预测的小规模的过度所造成的合并是在很好的一致性,最近的小规模测量的斜率和幅度。最后,我们注意到过剩是晕质量的一个强函数,因此观测到的过剩与在4-8*10^11太阳质量的宿主中发现的多个中等质量(10^7-10^8太阳质量)的黑洞很好地匹配,我们的模拟很好地探测了这个范围。

英文摘要:

We examine the clustering properties of a population of quasars drawn from fully hydrodynamic cosmological simulations that directly follow black hole growth. We find that the black hole correlation function is best described by two distinct components: contributions from BH pairs occupying the same dark matter halo ('1-halo term') which dominate at scales below 300 kpc/h, and contributions from BHs occupying separate halos ('2-halo term') which dominate at larger scales. From the 2-halo BH term we find a typical host halo mass for faint-end quasars (those probed in our simulation volumes) ranging from 10^11 to a few 10^12 solar masses from z=5 to z=1 respectively (consistent with the mean halo host mass). The BH correlation function shows a luminosity dependence as a function of redshift, though weak enough to be consistent with observational constraints. At small scales, the high resolution of our simulations allows us to probe the 1-halo clustering in detail, finding that the 1-halo term follows an approximate power law, lacking the characteristic decrease in slope at small scales found in 1-halo terms for galaxies and dark matter. We show that this difference is a direct result of a boost in the small-scale quasar bias caused by galaxies hosting multiple quasars (1-subhalo term) following a merger event, typically between a large central subgroup and a smaller, satellite subgroup hosting a relatively small black hole. We show that our predicted small-scale excess caused by such mergers is in good agreement with both the slope and amplitude indicated by recent small-scale measurements. Finally, we note the excess to be a strong function of halo mass, such that the observed excess is well matched by the multiple black holes of intermediate mass (10^7-10^8 solar masses) found in hosts of 4-8*10^11 solar masses, a range well probed by our simulations.

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