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arXiv 0910.1843astro-ph.CO
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暗端类星体光度函数的宇宙流体动力学模拟

Faint-end Quasar Luminosity Functions from Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations

Colin DeGraf, Tiziana Di Matteo, Volker Springel

摘要:

我们研究了暗端类星体光度函数(QLF)的预测和它的演化使用完全宇宙学流体动力学模拟,自洽地遵循恒星形成,黑洞增长和相关的反馈过程。我们发现在z < 2时,光学和X射线QLF的预测和观察到的暗端(亮端在我们的模拟体积中不可访问)之间非常吻合。在较高的红移,我们的模拟往往高估了QLF在最微弱的光度。我们表明,虽然低(高)光度范围的暗端QLF占主导地位的低(高)质量的黑洞,广泛的黑洞质量仍然有助于任何给定的光度范围。这与模拟中详细的流体动力学导致的黑洞复杂的光变曲线是一致的。与QLF的结果一致,我们发现当光度大于10^43 erg/s时,AGN的共动数密度(在光学、软X射线和硬X射线波段)的演化具有很好的一致性。然而,从模拟的亮度密度演变似乎意味着在更高的红移比硬X射线数据约束(但不是在光学)的峰值。我们预测的在z >= 2处最微弱通量处的过量不会导致对总X射线背景的高估,并且其贡献最多是2-8 keV背景的未分辨部分的两倍。即使这可以解释一些尚未检测到的,也许是严重模糊的微弱类星体人口,我们表明,我们的预测在高红移的微弱源(这是占主导地位的低质量黑洞)的模拟可能会受到分辨率的影响。

英文摘要:

We investigate the predictions for the faint-end quasar luminosity function (QLF) and its evolution using fully cosmological hydrodynamic simulations which self-consistently follow star formation, black hole growth and associated feedback processes. We find remarkably good agreement between predicted and observed faint end of the optical and X-ray QLFs (the bright end is not accessible in our simulated volumes) at z < 2. At higher redshifts our simulations tend to overestimate the QLF at the faintest luminosities. We show that although the low (high) luminosity ranges of the faint-end QLF are dominated by low (high) mass black holes, a wide range of black hole masses still contributes to any given luminosity range. This is consistent with the complex lightcurves of black holes resulting from the detailed hydrodynamics followed in the simulations. Consistent with the results on the QLFs, we find good agreement for the evolution of the comoving number density (in optical, soft and hard X-ray bands) of AGN for luminosities above 10^43 erg/s. However, the luminosity density evolution from the simulation appears to imply a peak at higher redshift than constrained from hard X-ray data (but not in optical). Our predicted excess at the faintest fluxes at z >= 2 does not lead to an overestimate to the total X-ray background and its contribution is at most a factor of two larger than the unresolved fraction of the 2-8 keV background. Even though this could be explained by some yet undetected, perhaps heavily obscured faint quasar population, we show that our predictions for the faint sources at high redshifts (which are dominated by the low mass black holes) in the simulations are likely affected by resolution effects.

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