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arXiv 0905.2411astro-ph.CO
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在1.5 < z < 3时大质量星系的颜色分布、数量和质量密度:观测与合并模拟的比较

Color Distributions, Number and Mass Densities of Massive Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3: Comparing Observations with Merger Simulations

Stijn Wuyts, Marijn Franx, Thomas J. Cox, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Christopher C. Hayward, Lars Hernquist, Philip F. Hopkins, Ivo Labbe, Danilo Marchesini… 展开作者

Stijn Wuyts, Marijn Franx, Thomas J. Cox, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Christopher C. Hayward, Lars Hernquist, Philip F. Hopkins, Ivo Labbe, Danilo Marchesini, Brant E. Robertson, Sune Toft, Pieter G. van Dokkum

摘要:

我们将观测到的1.5 < z < 3的大质量星系的颜色分布、数量和质量密度与霍普金斯等人的一个模型进行了比较,该模型将类星体和星系人口联系在富气体合并的基础上。为了检验静止的红星系是在类星体活动引起的富含气体的并合之后形成的这一假设,我们对从FIRES、GOODS-South和MUSYC巡天中提取的总面积为496弧分的大质量(M > 4 × 10^10 Msun)星系的测光结果进行了对比,这些星系的测光结果来自流体动力学并合模拟。与Hopkins et al.(2006 b)模型一样,我们使用观测到的类星体光度函数来估计合并率。我们发现,合成的U-V和V-J颜色的星系,有一个类星体的阶段,在他们的过去匹配的颜色观察到的星系,最好的特点是一个静止的恒星星族。在z ~ 2.6处,观测到的M > 4x10^10 Msun的静止红星系的数量和质量密度与模型一致,在该模型中,每个静止的大质量星系在过去都经历了类星体阶段。在z ~ 1.9时,观测到的静止星系比模型预测的少2.8倍,这些星系是高红移类星体的后代。合并模型还预测了大量的星系正在经历合并驱动的恒星形成。我们发现预测的数量和质量密度占观测到的大质量恒星形成星系的30-50%。然而,它们的颜色与观测到的恒星形成星系的颜色不匹配。特别是,尘埃红色星系的颜色无法通过模拟再现。这种差异的几个可能的起源进行了讨论。该模型的有效性的观测约束目前受到宇宙方差和恒星星族合成和辐射转移的不确定性的限制。

英文摘要:

We present a comparison between the observed color distribution, number and mass density of massive galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3 and a model by Hopkins et al. that relates the quasar and galaxy population on the basis of gas-rich mergers. In order to test the hypothesis that quiescent red galaxies are formed after a gas-rich merger involving quasar activity, we confront photometry of massive (M > 4x10^10 Msun) galaxies extracted from the FIRES, GOODS-South, and MUSYC surveys, together spanning an area of 496 arcmin^2, with synthetic photometry from hydrodynamical merger simulations. As in the Hopkins et al. (2006b) model, we use the observed quasar luminosity function to estimate the merger rate. We find that the synthetic U-V and V-J colors of galaxies that had a quasar phase in their past match the colors of observed galaxies that are best characterized by a quiescent stellar population. At z ~ 2.6, the observed number and mass density of quiescent red galaxies with M > 4x10^10 Msun is consistent with the model in which every quiescent massive galaxy underwent a quasar phase in the past. At z ~ 1.9, 2.8 times less quiescent galaxies are observed than predicted by the model as descendants of higher redshift quasars. The merger model also predicts a large number of galaxies undergoing merger-driven star formation. We find that the predicted number and mass density accounts for 30-50% of the observed massive star-forming galaxies. However, their colors do not match those of observed star-forming galaxies. In particular, the colors of dusty red galaxies are not reproduced by the simulations. Several possible origins of this discrepancy are discussed. The observational constraints on the validity of the model are currently limited by cosmic variance and uncertainties in stellar population synthesis and radiative transfer.

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