Color Distributions, Number and Mass Densities of Massive Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3: Comparing Observations with Merger Simulations
Stijn Wuyts, Marijn Franx, Thomas J. Cox, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Christopher C. Hayward, Lars Hernquist, Philip F. Hopkins, Ivo Labbe, Danilo Marchesini… 展开作者
Stijn Wuyts, Marijn Franx, Thomas J. Cox, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Christopher C. Hayward, Lars Hernquist, Philip F. Hopkins, Ivo Labbe, Danilo Marchesini, Brant E. Robertson, Sune Toft, Pieter G. van Dokkum
备注:
Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 24 pages, 14 figures (updated reference list)
我们将观测到的1.5 < z < 3的大质量星系的颜色分布、数量和质量密度与霍普金斯等人的一个模型进行了比较,该模型将类星体和星系人口联系在富气体合并的基础上。为了检验静止的红星系是在类星体活动引起的富含气体的并合之后形成的这一假设,我们对从FIRES、GOODS-South和MUSYC巡天中提取的总面积为496弧分的大质量(M > 4 × 10^10 Msun)星系的测光结果进行了对比,这些星系的测光结果来自流体动力学并合模拟。与Hopkins et al.(2006 b)模型一样,我们使用观测到的类星体光度函数来估计合并率。我们发现,合成的U-V和V-J颜色的星系,有一个类星体的阶段,在他们的过去匹配的颜色观察到的星系,最好的特点是一个静止的恒星星族。在z ~ 2.6处,观测到的M > 4x10^10 Msun的静止红星系的数量和质量密度与模型一致,在该模型中,每个静止的大质量星系在过去都经历了类星体阶段。在z ~ 1.9时,观测到的静止星系比模型预测的少2.8倍,这些星系是高红移类星体的后代。合并模型还预测了大量的星系正在经历合并驱动的恒星形成。我们发现预测的数量和质量密度占观测到的大质量恒星形成星系的30-50%。然而,它们的颜色与观测到的恒星形成星系的颜色不匹配。特别是,尘埃红色星系的颜色无法通过模拟再现。这种差异的几个可能的起源进行了讨论。该模型的有效性的观测约束目前受到宇宙方差和恒星星族合成和辐射转移的不确定性的限制。
英文摘要:
We present a comparison between the observed color distribution, number and mass density of massive galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3 and a model by Hopkins et al. that relates the quasar and galaxy population on the basis of gas-rich mergers. In order to test the hypothesis that quiescent red galaxies are formed after a gas-rich merger involving quasar activity, we confront photometry of massive (M > 4x10^10 Msun) galaxies extracted from the FIRES, GOODS-South, and MUSYC surveys, together spanning an area of 496 arcmin^2, with synthetic photometry from hydrodynamical merger simulations. As in the Hopkins et al. (2006b) model, we use the observed quasar luminosity function to estimate the merger rate. We find that the synthetic U-V and V-J colors of galaxies that had a quasar phase in their past match the colors of observed galaxies that are best characterized by a quiescent stellar population. At z ~ 2.6, the observed number and mass density of quiescent red galaxies with M > 4x10^10 Msun is consistent with the model in which every quiescent massive galaxy underwent a quasar phase in the past. At z ~ 1.9, 2.8 times less quiescent galaxies are observed than predicted by the model as descendants of higher redshift quasars. The merger model also predicts a large number of galaxies undergoing merger-driven star formation. We find that the predicted number and mass density accounts for 30-50% of the observed massive star-forming galaxies. However, their colors do not match those of observed star-forming galaxies. In particular, the colors of dusty red galaxies are not reproduced by the simulations. Several possible origins of this discrepancy are discussed. The observational constraints on the validity of the model are currently limited by cosmic variance and uncertainties in stellar population synthesis and radiative transfer.
Comparing the Detectability of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation through Gravitational-Wave Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation with Galaxies
Cotton University(科顿大学);KAGRA Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo(宇宙线研究所KAGRA天文台,东京大学);Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics(天体物理学与天文学大学间中心);Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo(东京大学 Kavli 宇宙物理与数学研究所(WPI))
Sizes, Half-Mass Densities, and Mass Functions of Star Clusters in the Merger Remnant NGC 1316: Clues to the Fate of Second-Generation Globular Clusters
Disentangling star formation and merger growth in the evolution of Luminous Red Galaxies
我们介绍了一种新的技术经验理解星系的演化。我们使用经验确定的恒星演化模型来预测斯隆数字巡天(SDSS-II)的亮红星系(LRG)样本的过去的演化,而没有任何先验假设的星系演化。通过仔细对比预测和观测到的数量和光度密度的演变,我们测试了不同光度的星系的被动演化方案,并确定最低合并率。我们发现,LRG人口是不纯粹的同时代,与一些星系的目标在z <0.23 and at z>0.34显示出不同的动态增长比整个样本的目标星系。我们的研究结果表明,LRG人口是动态增长的,这种增长必须由微弱的结束。对于最明亮的星系,我们发现较低的最低合并率比以前的研究,假设被动恒星演化,这表明以前测量的一些动态演化实际上是由于非被动恒星演化被错误地建模的星系。我们的方法可用于识别和匹配跨宇宙时代的星系的同时代人口,在一个或多个调查。
Halo Occupation Distributions of Moderate X-ray AGNs through Major and Minor Mergers in a $Λ$-CDM Cosmology
受Allevato et al.(2012)在COSMOS领域中最近推断的X射线选定活动星系核晕占据分布(HOD)形式的启发,我们使用一个基于$Λ$ -CDM宇宙学中暗物质晕(DMH)之间合并活动的简单模型,研究了中等亮度X射线活动星系核(mXAGN)的HOD性质。在上述情况下,在$z=0.5$模拟的mXAGN的HOD和数密度与Allevato等人(2012)的结果进行比较。我们发现,模拟的HOD的主要和次要合并,和观察到的mXAGN是一致的。我们的主要结果是,未成年人合并,相反,人们可能会期望,可以发挥重要作用的活动mAGN。
Repeated mergers and ejection of black holes within nuclear star clusters
目前的恒星演化模型预测,质量为$\gtrsim 50$ M $_\odot$和$\lesssim 5$ M $_\odot$的黑洞(BH)非常缺乏,而中等质量的黑洞(IMBHs; $\sim10^2- 10^5$ M $_\odot$)还没有被探测到。形成大质量黑洞的一种自然方式是通过反复合并,通过当前的LIGO/Virgo或未来的LISA和ET观测,通过引力波发射可以检测到。核星团(NSC)具有足够高的质量和密度,可以保留大部分合并产物,这些产物在合并时获得反冲。我们探讨的可能性,IMBHs可能是出生的NSC的重复合并的结果,并显示它们的形成途径取决于NSC的质量和密度,BH自旋分布。我们发现,BH的对不稳定的质量间隙中可以形成和观察到的LIGO/Virgo,并表明,典型的质量的喷射大量BH是$400$ - $500$ M $_\odot$,与速度高达几千公里秒$^{-1}$。最终,这些IMBH中的一些可能成为超大质量黑洞的种子,今天在星系中心观察到。在矮星系中,他们可以通过合理的反馈方案解决丰度,核心尖点,太大而不能倒,超微弱和重子分数问题。
GW231123: Likely a product of successive mergers from $\sim 10 $ stellar-mass black holes
Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences(暗物质和空间天文重点实验室,中国科学院紫金山天文台);Department of Physics, University of Florida(佛罗里达大学物理系);School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院)
Merger-driven Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei: Six Dual and Offset Active Galactic Nuclei Discovered with Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope Observations
ESO Expanding Horizon White Paper: Revealing the properties of matter at supranuclear densities with gravitational waves
Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam(波茨坦大学物理与天文学研究所);Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)(马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所(爱因斯坦研究所));Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University(乌得勒支大学理论物理研究所);Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg(斯特拉斯堡天文台,法国国家科学研究中心,斯特拉斯堡大学)