Robert J. Rutten
The introduction to this review summarizes chromosphere observation in two figures. The first part showcases the historical emphasis on the eclipse chromosphere in the development of NLTE line formation theory and criticizes 1D modeling. The second part advertises recent breakthroughs after many decades of standstill. The third part discusses what may or should come next.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
继续探索
The differential rotation of the chromosphere and the quiet chromosphere in the falling and rising period of a solar cycle
本文利用He I 10830Å线综合图研究了太阳活动周下降和上升期色球与宁静色球的较差自转，发现第24太阳活动周上升期自转较慢且较差自转更显著。
This paper reviews some recent advances in the development and application of polarized radiation diagnostics to infer the mean magnetization of the quiet solar atmosphere, from the near equilibrium photosphere to the highly non-equilibrium upper chromosphere. In particular, I show that interpretations of the scattering polarization observed in some spectral lines suggest that while the magnetization of the photosphere and upper chromosphere is very significant, the lower chromosphere seems to be weakly magnetized.
We report on a detailed radiative transfer modeling of the observed scattering polarization in the H-alpha line, which allows us to infer quantitative information on the magnetization of the quiet solar chromosphere. Our analysis suggests the presence of a magnetic complexity zone with a mean field strength <B> > 30 G lying just below the sudden transition region to the coronal temperatures. The chromospheric plasma directly underneath is very weakly magnetized, with <B> ~ 1 G. The possible existence of this abrupt change in the degree of magnetization of the upper chromosphere of the quiet Su…
aims: We aim to provide an estimate of the minimum temperature of the quiet solar chromosphere. methods: We perform a 2D radiation-MHD simulation spanning the upper convection zone to the lower corona. The simulation includes non-LTE radiative transfer and {an equation-of-state that includes non-equilibrium ionization of hydrogen and non-equilibrium H_2 molecule formation}. We analyze the reliability of the various assumptions made in our model in order to assess the realism of the simulation. results: Our simulation contains pockets of cool gas with down to 1660 K from 1 Mm up to 3.2 Mm heigh…
Numerical simulations of the solar chromosphere have become increasingly realistic over the past 5 years. However, many observed chromospheric structures and behavior are not reproduced. Current models do not show fibrils in Ca II 8542, and neither reproduce the Ca II 8542 bisector. The emergent H-alpha line core intensity computed from the models show granulation instead of chromospheric shocks or fibrils. I discuss these deficiencies and speculate about what physics should be included to alleviate these shortcomings.
Characteristics of acoustic-wave heating in simulations of the quiet Sun chromosphere
本研究通过三维辐射磁流体动力学模拟，揭示了宁静太阳色球层中声波加热的特征，发现接近声截止频率的声波在等离子体-β=1界面有效耗散能量，对色球层能量平衡至关重要。
The presence of magnetic field is crucial in the transport of energy through the solar atmosphere. Recent ground-based and space-borne observations of the quiet Sun have revealed that magnetic field accumulates at photospheric heights, via a local dynamo or from small-scale flux emergence events. However, most of this small-scale magnetic field may not expand into the chromosphere due to the entropy drop with height at the photosphere. Here we present a study that uses a high resolution 3D radiative MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere with non-grey and non-LTE radiative transfer and thermal…
Using high-resolution numerical simulations we investigate the plasma heating driven by periodic two-fluid acoustic waves that originate at the bottom of the photosphere and propagate into the gravitationally stratified and partially ionized solar atmosphere. We consider ions+electrons and neutrals as separate fluids that interact between themselves via collision forces. The latter play an important role in the chromosphere, leading to significant damping of short-period waves. Long-period waves do not essentially alter the photospheric temperatures, but they exhibit the capability of depositi…
Solar observations at sub-mm, mm and cm wavelengths offer a straightforward diagnostic of physical conditions in the solar atmosphere because they yield measurement of brightness temperature which, for optically thick features, equals intrinsic temperature - much unlike solar diagnostics in other spectral ranges. The Atacama Large Millimeter and sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) has therefore opened a new, hitherto underexplored, spectral window for studying the enigmatic solar chromosphere. In this review we discuss initial ALMA studies of the quiet chromosphere that used both single-dish and compa…
Recent progress in instrumentation enables solar observations with high resolution simultaneously in the spatial, temporal, and spectral domains. We use such high-resolution observations to study small-scale structures and dynamics in the chromosphere of the quiet Sun. We analyze time series of spectral scans through the Ca II 854.2nm spectral line obtained with the CRISP instrument at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope. The targets are quiet Sun regions inside coronal holes close to disc-centre. The line core maps exhibit relatively few fibrils compared to what is normally observed in quiet Sun …
The overall structure and the fine structure of the solar photosphere outside active regions are largely understood, except possibly important roles of a turbulent near-surface dynamo at its bottom, internal gravity waves at its top, and small-scale vorticity. Classical 1D static radiation-escape modelling has been replaced by 3D time-dependent MHD simulations that come closer to reality. The solar chromosphere, in contrast, remains ill-understood although its pivotal role in coronal mass and energy loading makes it a principal research area. Its fine structure defines its overall structure, s…
Aims: We demonstrate the universal character of the quiet-Sun chromosphere among inactive stars (solar-type and giants). By assessing the main physical processes, we shed new light on some common observational phenomena. Methods: We discuss measurements of the solar Mt. Wilson S-index, obtained by the Hamburg Robotic Telescope around the extreme minimum year 2009, and compare the established chromospheric basal Ca II K line flux to the Mt. Wilson S-index data of inactive ("flat activity") stars, including giants. Results: During the unusually deep and extended activity minimum of 2009, the Sun…
Aims: To study the heating of solar chromospheric magnetic and nonmagnetic regions by acoustic and magnetoacoustic waves, the deposited acoustic-energy flux derived from observations of strong chromospheric lines is compared with the total integrated radiative losses. Methods: A set of 23 quiet-Sun and weak-plage regions were observed in the Mg II k and h lines with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). The deposited acoustic-energy flux was derived from Doppler velocities observed at two different geometrical heights corresponding to the middle and upper chromosphere. A set of sca…
Comparison of Coronal Hole and Quiet Sun Chromosphere Using IRIS Mg II h & k Observations of Polar Off-limb Regions
通过IRIS极区临边Mg II h&k谱线统计比较，发现冕洞色球层针状体更高、运动更快，积分强度随高度下降更缓，谱线宽度更大。
The structure and energy balance of the solar chromosphere remain poorly known. We have used the imaging spectrometer IBIS at the Dunn Solar Telescope to obtain fast-cadence, multi-wavelength profile sampling of Halpha and Ca II 854.2 nm over a sizable two-dimensional field of view encompassing quiet-Sun network. We provide a first inventory of how the quiet chromosphere appears in these two lines by comparing basic profile measurements in the form of image displays, temporal-average displays, time slices, and pixel-by-pixel correlations. We find that the two lines can be markedly dissimilar i…
Large-amplitude transverse MHD waves prevailing in the H$α$ chromosphere of a solar quiet region revealed by MiHI integrated field spectral observations
利用MiHI对太阳宁静区Hα色球层观测，发现普遍存在的大振幅横向MHD波，速度振幅达40 km/s，平均周期5.8分钟，能通量3×10^6 erg cm^-2 s^-1，增进了对色球层波动的理解。
Machine Learning-based Separation of the He I 10830Å Chromospheric Signal: Quantitative Analysis of Chromosphere-Corona Intensity in the Quiet Sun
利用深度学习CNN模型分离He I 10830Å色球信号，结合TiO图像和交叉波段学习推断光球背景，通过指数吸收模型定量分析纯色球成分，揭示了宁静太阳中色球与日冕辐射的负相关及分层耦合。
We begin here a series of papers examining the chromospheric and coronal properties of solar active regions. This first paper describes an extensive dataset of images from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on the Solar Dynamics Observatory curated for large-sample analysis of this topic. Based on (and constructed to coordinate with) the ``Active Region Patches'' as identified by the pipeline data analysis system for the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on the same mission, the ``HARPs''), the ``AIA Active Region Patches'' (AARPs), described herein, comprise an unbiased multi-wavelength se…
Chromosphere of the quiet sun -- I. Shock and current-sheet dynamics and heating
本研究通过模拟揭示了宁静太阳色球层中激波和电流片在加热中的主导作用，指出激波和电流片共同贡献了66%的机械加热，强调了压缩加热在局部的重要性。
One-dimensional, geometrically stratified semi-empirical models of the quiet-Sun photosphere and lower chromosphere
本文利用考虑MHS与非LTE效应的Stokes反演代码分析CRISP宁静太阳观测，建立随$τ_{\ m c}$和$z$变化的光球至低色球层半经验模型，发现MHS在宁静区影响很小但提升反演一致性。
\textbf{Purpose:} This paper addresses long-standing solar physics problems, namely, the heating of the solar chromosphere and the origin of the solar wind. Our aim is to reveal the related mechanisms behind chromospheric heating and plasma outflows in a quiet-Sun. \textbf{Methods:} The approach is based on a two-fluid numerical model that accounts for thermal non-equilibrium (ionization/recombination), non-adiabatic, and non-ideal dynamics of protons+electrons and hydrogen atoms. The model is applied to numerically simulate the propagation and dissipation of granulation-generated waves in the…
High-order Paschen emission from the quiet-Sun off-limb chromosphere
本研究借助Sunrise III搭载的SCIP探测到宁静太阳临边外色球的高阶氢帕申线，发现其特性与Ca II 854.2 nm线存在差异，结合非LTE辐射转移模拟揭示其可作为光学薄等离子体的新诊断工具。
We investigate the fine structure of magnetic fields in the atmosphere of the quiet Sun. We use photospheric magnetic field measurements from {\sc Sunrise}/IMaX with unprecedented spatial resolution to extrapolate the photospheric magnetic field into higher layers of the solar atmosphere with the help of potential and force-free extrapolation techniques. We find that most magnetic loops which reach into the chromosphere or higher have one foot point in relatively strong magnetic field regions in the photosphere. $91%$ of the magnetic energy in the mid chromosphere (at a height of 1 Mm) is in f…
The heating of the solar chromosphere remains one of the most important questions in solar physics. Our current understanding is that small-scale internetwork (IN) magnetic fields play an important role as a heating agent. Indeed, cancellations of IN magnetic elements in the photosphere can produce transient brightenings in the chromosphere and transition region. These bright structures might be the signature of energy release and plasma heating, probably driven by magnetic reconnection of IN field lines. Although single events are not expected to release large amounts of energy, their global …
Chromosphere of the quiet sun: II. Atmospheric response to small-scale magnetic flux emergence
本文研究了小尺度磁通量上升如何影响色球层的加热及其与更高大气层的热力学耦合，通过参数化3D辐射-磁流体动力学模拟揭示了磁通量变化对色球层和日冕层动态的影响。
The chromosphere of the quiet Sun is an important stellar atmospheric region whose thermal and magnetic structure we need to decipher for unlocking new discoveries in solar and stellar physics. To this end, we must identify and exploit observables sensitive to weak magnetic fields (B<100 G) and to the presence of cool and hot gas in the bulk of the solar chromosphere. Here we report on an investigation of the Hanle effect in two semi-empirical models of the quiet solar atmosphere with different chromospheric thermal structures. Our study reveals that scattering polarization in the Ca II IR tri…
Thermodynamic properties of small flares in the quiet Sun observed by H$α$ and EUV: plasma motion of the chromosphere and time evolution of temperature/emission measure
本研究结合多台太阳观测设备数据，分析25例宁静太阳小耀斑的热性质，发现其存在Hα红移增亮、热参数符合标度律、温峰早于密峰等特征，证实色球蒸发/凝聚对其热性质的关键作用。
Short-lived (100s or less), sub-arcsec to a couple of arcsec size features of enhanced brightenings in the narrowband images at the $\mathrm{H_{2V}}$ and $\mathrm{K_{2V}}$ positions of the Ca II H and K lines in the quiet Sun are known as bright grains. With simultaneous observations of a quiet Sun internetwork region in the Fe I 6173 Å, Ca II 8542 {AA}, and Ca II K lines acquired by the CRisp Imaging Spectro-Polarimeter and the CHROMospheric Imaging Spectrometer instruments on the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope, we performed multi-line non-local thermodynamic equilibrium inversions using the STo…
Estimating the longitudinal magnetic field in the chromosphere of quiet-Sun magnetic concentrations
本文利用弱场近似分析 Ca II 854.2 nm 高分辨率数据，研究宁静太阳磁集中区大小与色球层纵向磁场的关系，发现磁场随结构增大而增强，并揭示了高度梯度与结构尺寸的相关性及其对宽光谱范围估计可靠性的影响。
Ubiquitous small-scale vortices have recently been found in the lower atmosphere of the quiet Sun in state-of-the-art solar observations and in numerical simulations. We investigate the characteristics and temporal evolution of a granular-scale vortex and its associated upflows through the photosphere and chromosphere of a quiet Sun internetwork region. We analyzed high spatial and temporal resolution ground- and spaced-based observations of a quiet Sun region. The observations consist of high-cadence time series of wideband and narrowband images of both H-alpha 6563 A and Ca II 8542 A lines o…
A large sample of active-region-targeted time-series images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory / Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, the AIA Active Region Patch database ("AARPs", Paper I: Dissauer et al 2022) is used to investigate whether parameters describing the coronal, transition region, and chromospheric emission can differentiate a region that will imminently produce a solar flare from one that will not. Parametrizations based on moment analysis of direct and running-difference images provide for physically-interpretable results from nonparametric discriminant analysis. Across four event de…
In the solar atmosphere, Alfvén waves are believed to play an important role in the transfer of energy from the photosphere to the corona and solar wind, and in the heating of the chromosphere. We perform numerical computations to investigate energy transport and dissipation associated with torsional Alfvén waves propagating in magnetic flux tubes that expand from the photosphere to the corona in quiet-Sun conditions. We place a broadband driver at the photosphere that injects a wave energy flux of $10^7$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and consider Ohm's magnetic diffusion and ion-neutral collisions a…
The absolute brightness temperature of the Sun at millimeter wavelengths is an important diagnostic of the solar chromosphere. Because the Sun is so bright, measurement of this property usually involves the operation of telescopes under extreme conditions and requires a rigorous performance assessment of the telescope. In this study, we establish solar observation and calibration techniques at 2.6-mm wavelength for the Nobeyama 45-m telescope and derive the absolute solar brightness temperature accurately. We tune the superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) receiver by inducing different…
A particularly interesting line for exploring the physical conditions of the quiet solar chromosphere is H$α$, but its intensity profile is magnetically insensitive and the small circular polarization signatures produced by the longitudinal Zeeman effect come mainly from the underlying photosphere. Here we show that the Hanle effect in H$α$ provides quantitative information on the magnetism of the quiet chromosphere. To this end, we calculate the response function of the emergent scattering polarization to perturbations in the magnetic field.
Interpreting the Stokes profiles observed in quiet regions of the solar chromosphere is a challenging task. The Stokes Q and U profiles are dominated by the scattering polarisation and the Hanle effect, and these processes can only be correctly quantified if 3D radiative transfer effects are taken into account. Forward-modelling of the intensity and polarisation of spectral lines using a 3D model atmosphere is a suitable approach in order to statistically compare the theoretical and observed line profiles. Our aim is to present novel observations of the Ca 8542 line profiles in a quiet region …
Identification of the mechanisms responsible for heating the solar chromosphere and corona remains an outstanding problem, one of great relevance to late-type stars as well. There has been tremendous progress in the past decade, largely driven by new instruments, new observations, and sophisticated modeling efforts. Despite this progress, gaps remain. We briefly discuss the need for radio coverage of the 3D solar atmosphere and discuss the requirements.
Vortex structures in the Sun's chromosphere are believed to channel energy between different layers of the solar atmosphere. We investigate the nature and dynamics of two small-scale quiet-Sun rotating structures in the chromosphere. We analyse two chromospheric structures that show clear rotational patterns in spectropolarimetric observations taken with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer (IBIS) at the Ca II 8542 Å~ line. We present the detection of spectropolarimetric signals that manifest the magnetic nature of rotating structures in the chromosphere. Our observations show two lo…
We review (i) observations and numerical simulations of vortical flows in the solar atmosphere and (ii) measurements of the horizontal magnetic field in quiet Sun regions. First, we discuss various manifestations of vortical flows and emphasize the role of magnetic fields in mediating swirling motion created near the solar surface to the higher layers of the photosphere and to the chromosphere. We reexamine existing simulation runs of solar surface magnetoconvection with regard to vortical flows and compare to previously obtained results. Second, we review contradictory results and problems as…
We investigate the emergence of magnetic flux in the quiet Sun at very small spatial scales, focusing on the magnetic connection between the photosphere and chromosphere. The observational data consist of spectropolarimetric measurements and filtergrams taken with the Hinode satellite and the Dutch Open Telescope. We find that a significant fraction of the magnetic flux present in internetwork regions appears in the form of Omega-shaped loops. The emergence rate is 0.02 loops per hour and arcsec^{-2}, which brings 1.1 x 10^12 Mx s^{-1} arcsec^{-2} of new flux to the solar surface. Initially, t…
Statistical investigation of wave propagation in the quiet-Sun using IRIS spectroscopic observations
本研究利用IRIS光谱观测宁静太阳，通过统计多普勒速度时间序列和相位差分析，揭示了不同大气层的振荡周期特征，并提出了磁声波在太阳大气中双向传播的机制。
The interface between the bright solar surface and the million-degree corona continues to hold the key to many unsolved problems in solar physics. Advances in instrumentation now allow us to observe the dynamic structures of the solar chromosphere down to less than 0.1" with cadences of just a few seconds and in multiple polarisation states. Such observational progress has been matched by the ever-increasing sophistication of numerical models, which have become necessary to interpret the complex observations. With an emphasis on the quiet Sun, I will review recent progress in the observation a…
We explore joint observations of the South-East limb made by Hinode, TRACE and SOHO/SUMER on April 12, 2008 as part of the Whole Heliosphere Interval (WHI) Quiet Sun Characterization targeted observing program. During the sequence a large, 10Mm long, macro-spicule was sent upward and crossed the line-of-sight of the SUMER slit, an event that affords us an opportunity to study the coupling of cooler chromospheric material to transition region emission formed as hot as 600,000K. This short article provides preliminary results of the data analysis.
We present observational constraints on the solar chromospheric heating contribution from acoustic waves with frequencies between 5 and 50 mHz. We utilize observations from the Dunn Solar Telescope in New Mexico complemented with observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array collected on 2017 April 23. The properties of the power spectra of the various quantities are derived from the spectral lines of Ca II 854.2 nm, H I 656.3 nm, and the millimeter continuum at 1.25 mm and 3 mm. At the observed frequencies the diagnostics almost all show a power law behavior, whose particulars (slope, …
We present joint observations of the Sun by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). The observations were made of a solar active region on 2015 December 18 as part of the ALMA science verification effort. A map of the Sun's continuum emission of size $2.4' \times 2.3'$ was obtained by ALMA at a wavelength of 1.25 mm (239 GHz) using mosaicing techniques. A contemporaneous map of size $1.9'\times 2.9'$ was obtained in the Mg II h doublet line at 2803.5Å by IRIS. Both mm/submm$-λ$ continuum emission and ultraviolet (UV) line em…
The structure of the solar chromosphere is believed to be governed by magnetic fields, even in quiet-Sun regions that have a relatively weak photospheric field. During the past decade inversion methods have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing the chromosphere of active regions. The applicability of inversions to infer the stratification of the physical conditions in a dynamic 3D solar chromosphere has not yet been studied in detail. This study aims to establish the diagnostic capabilities of non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) inversion techniques of Stokes profiles induced by the…
The Mg II h&k lines are amongst the best diagnostic tools of the upper solar chromosphere. This region of the atmosphere is of particular interest as it is the lowest region of the Sun's atmosphere where the magnetic field is dominant in the energetics and dynamics, defining its structure. While highly successful in the photosphere and lower to mid chromosphere, numerical models have produced syntheticMg II lines that do not match the observations well. We present a number of large scale models with magnetic field topologies representative of the quiet Sun, ephemeral flux regions and plage, an…
I review some recent advances in methods to diagnose polarized radiation with which we may hope to explore the magnetism of the solar chromosphere and corona. These methods are based on the remarkable signatures that the radiatively induced quantum coherences produce in the emergent spectral line polarization and on the joint action of the Hanle and Zeeman effects. Some applications to spicules, prominences, active region filaments, emerging flux regions and the quiet chromosphere are discussed.
The solar chromosphere and transition region (TR) form an interface between the Sun's surface and its hot outer atmosphere. Here most of the non-thermal energy that powers the solar atmosphere is transformed into heat, although the detailed mechanism remains elusive. High-resolution (0.33-arcsec) observations with NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) reveal a chromosphere and TR that are replete with twist or torsional motions on sub-arcsecond scales, occurring in active regions, quiet Sun regions, and coronal holes alike. We coordinated observations with the Swedish 1-m Solar T…
Aims: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that millimeter wave data can be used to distinguish between various atmospheric models of sunspots, whose temperature structure in the upper photosphere and chromosphere has been the source of some controversy. Methods: We use observations of the temperature contrast (relative to the quiet Sun) above a sunspot umbra at 3.5 mm obtained with the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Array (BIMA), complemented by submm observations from Lindsey & Kopp (1995) and 2 cm observations with the Very Large Array. These are compared with the umbral contrast calculated …
NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) provides high resolution observations of the solar atmosphere through UV spectroscopy and imaging. Since the launch of IRIS in June 2013, we have conducted systematic observation campaigns in coordination with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) on La Palma. The SST provides complementary high-resolution observations of the photosphere and chromosphere. The SST observations include spectro-polarimetric imaging in photospheric Fe I lines and spectrally-resolved imaging in the chromospheric Ca II 8542 A, H-alpha, and Ca II K lines. We present…
We present an overview of high resolution quiet Sun observations, from disk center to the limb, obtained with the Atacama Large mm and sub-mm Array (ALMA) at 3 mm. Seven quiet Sun regions were observed with resolution of up to 2.5" by 4.5". We produced both average and snapshot images by self-calibrating the ALMA visibilities and combining the interferometric images with full disk solar images. The images show well the chromospheric network, which, based on the unique segregation method we used, is brighter than the average over the fields of view of the observed regions by $\sim 305$ K while …
The C II 133.5 nm multiplet has been observed by NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) in unprecedented spatial resolution. The aims of this work are to characterize these new observations of the C II lines, place them in context with previous work, and to identify any additional value the C II lines bring when compared with other spectral lines. We make use of wide, long exposure IRIS rasters covering the quiet Sun and an active region. Line properties such as velocity shift and width are extracted from individual spectra and analyzed. The lines have a variety of shapes (mostly …
The Hanle effect in strong spectral lines is the physical mechanism that should be increasingly exploited for quantitative explorations of the magnetism of the quiet solar chromospheric plasma. Here we show, by means of multilevel radiative transfer calculations and new spectropolarimetric observations, that the amplitude and shape of the scattering polarization profiles of the H-alpha line is very sensitive to the strength and structure of the chromospheric magnetic field. The interpretation of the observations in terms of one-dimensional radiative transfer modeling suggests that there is an …
Context. The solar chromosphere and the lower transition region is believed to play a crucial role in the heating of the solar corona. Models that describe the chromosphere (and the lower transition region), accounting for its highly dynamic and structured character are, so far, found to be lacking. This is partly due to the breakdown of complete frequency redistribution in the chromospheric layers and also because of the difficulty in obtaining complete sets of observations that adequately constrain the solar atmosphere at all relevant heights. Aims. We aim to obtain semi-empirical model atmo…
Mg ii h&k spectra of an enhanced network region simulated with the MURaM-ChE code. Results using 1.5D synthesis
针对此前3D模拟Mg ii h&k线轮廓过窄的问题，本研究用非平衡MURaM模型结合RH1.5D合成增强网络区域光谱，与IRIS观测对比，发现色球速度主导谱线展宽，为再现观测线宽需较强速度差异或湍流速度。
Magnetic Reconnection Process in Partially Ionized Fluids: Insights from the Solar Chromosphere
该研究通过修改MAGNUS代码开展2.5维双流体磁重联模拟，发现带电-中性粒子碰撞驱动太阳色球层磁重联增强，升温18%至110%，能量释放达10²²至10²³。
We present observations of quiet-sun small-scale structures (SSS) in the microwave range with the {\it Radio Astronomical Telescope of the Academy of Sciences 600} (RATAN-600) spectral-polarization facility in a wide range of frequencies. SSS are regularly recorded in routine observations of the large reflector-type radio telescope and represent manifestations in the radio range of various structures of the quiet-sun: supergranulation network, bright points, plage patches and so on. A comparison with with images from the {\it Solar Dynamics Observatory} (SDO) showed that the microwave emission…
We present the first high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of a sunspot at wavelengths of 1.3 mm and 3 mm, obtained during the solar ALMA Science Verification campaign in 2015, and compare them with the predictions of semi-empirical sunspot umbral/penumbral atmosphere models. For the first time millimeter observations of sunspots have resolved umbral/penumbral brightness structure at the chromospheric heights, where the emission at these wavelengths is formed. We find that the sunspot umbra exhibits a radically different appearance at 1.3 mm and 3 mm,…
Multi-height Diagnosis of MHD Wave Periods and their Propagation in Solar Plages Using IRIS Observations
该研究利用IRIS光谱观测，对太阳谱斑五个高度的MHD波进行研究，发现谱斑内主导周期不变，孔隙中线性下降；确定了不同高度截止周期；还得出谱线在孔隙、谱斑和宁静太阳中形成高度的变化情况。
Bifrost Models of the Quiet Sun. I. Comparison with Solar Observations
本文利用Bifrost代码生成宁静太阳磁场模型，并与SST和IRIS观测进行定量与定性比较，发现模拟磁双极区通常更强，但色球层和过渡区的加热过程相似，为后续研究磁场浮现提供了基础。
扫码添加微信好友，提出您的宝贵建议 👇
💡 备注请填写：网站反馈
发表机构由 AI 从论文文本抽取，如发现错误，欢迎反馈修正建议。