流注放电最新结果的回顾及其与精灵和闪电相关性的讨论
Review of recent results on streamer discharges and discussion of their relevance for sprites and lightning
摘要：
现在已经很好地理解，在中间层的低空气密度下的大的精灵放电在物理上类似于在标准温压下的空气中的小的流光放电。这种相似性是基于汤森尺度与空气密度。首先，汤森缩放的理论基础和一个列表的六个可能的修正缩放进行了讨论，然后实验证据的流光和精灵之间的相似性进行了审查。然后，我们讨论了目前的精灵和流光理论已经发展，我们展示了如何流光实验可以解释为精灵模拟。我们回顾了最近的流光研究的结果，是相关的精灵和其他形式的大气电学，并讨论其影响精灵的理解。这些包括大范围的流光直径和速度和整体的3D形态与分支，相互作用和重新连接，依赖于电压和极性，电子能量在流光头和连续的化学效率和硬辐射。新的理论和实验结果涉及测量的流注光谱在空气中，密度依赖性的流注加热（热领导人是不可能在80公里的高度和冷的流光是不可能在液体），并讨论了磁场的影响热电子或高能电子的流光或精灵。
英文摘要：
It is by now well understood that large sprite discharges at the low air densities of the mesosphere are physically similar to small streamer discharges in air at standard temperature and pressure. This similarity is based on Townsend scaling with air density. First the theoretical basis of Townsend scaling and a list of six possible corrections to scaling are discussed; then the experimental evidence for the similarity between streamers and sprites is reviewed. We then discuss how far present sprite and streamer theory has been developed, and we show how streamer experiments can be interpreted as sprite simulations. We review those results of recent streamer research that are relevant for sprites and other forms of atmospheric electricity and discuss their implications for sprite understanding. These include the large range of streamer diameters and velocities and the overall 3D morphology with branching, interaction and reconnection, the dependence on voltage and polarity, the electron energies in the streamer head and the consecutive chemical efficiency and hard radiation. New theoretical and experimental results concern measurements of streamer spectra in air, the density dependence of streamer heating (hot leaders are unlikely at 80 km altitude and cold streamers are unlikely in liquids), and a discussion of the influence of magnetic fields on thermal electrons or on energetic electrons in streamers or sprites.
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