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arXiv 0912.0624astro-ph.HE
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M 31中的超软源:XMM-牛顿深度巡天、ROSAT和钱德拉星表的比较

Supersoft sources in M 31: Comparing the XMM-Newton Deep Survey, ROSAT and Chandra catalogues

H. Stiele, W. Pietsch, F. Haberl, V. Burwitz, D. Hatzidimitriou, J. Greiner

摘要:

为了研究M31中超软源的瞬态性质,我们比较了XMM-Newton深度巡天、ROSAT PSPC巡天和Chandra星表在同一区域的超软源候选。我们在XMM-牛顿观测中发现了40个SSS。虽然有12个XMM-牛顿源比ROSAT PSPC调查的极限通量亮,但只有两个是ROSAT在大约10年前探测到的。其中5颗与最近的光学新星有关,这就解释了ROSAT没有探测到它们的原因。其余28个XMM-牛顿型SSS的通量低于ROSAT探测阈值。然而,我们发现一个相关的ROSAT源,它有显着更大的通量比在XMM牛顿观测。其中10个XMM-Newton SSSs被Chandra探测到,观测间隔<1-~6年。其中五个也被钱德拉归类为SSS。在30个ROSAT SSSs中,有3个用XMM-Newton进行了确认,而对11个源提出了其他分类。在剩下的16个源中,有一个与光学新星相关。在42个钱德拉甚软源中,有5个被归类为XMM-牛顿SSS,而对于22个,我们建议其他分类。在剩下的15个源中,有9个被钱德拉归类为瞬变源,其中一个与光学新星相关。这些发现强调了这类源的高度可变性以及SSSS和光学新星之间的联系。只有三个来源,被所有三个特派团发现为SSS。因此,尽管它们的变化性,但它们在十多年内都是可见的。

英文摘要:

To investigate the transient nature of supersoft sources (SSSs) in M 31, we compared SSS candidates of the XMM-Newton Deep Survey, ROSAT PSPC surveys and the Chandra catalogues in the same field. We found 40 SSSs in the XMM-Newton observations. While 12 of the XMM-Newton sources were brighter than the limiting flux of the ROSAT PSPC survey, only two were detected with ROSAT ~10 yr earlier. Five correlate with recent optical novae which explains why they were not detected by ROSAT. The remaining 28 XMM-Newton SSSs have fluxes below the ROSAT detection threshold. Nevertheless we found one correlation with a ROSAT source, which had significantly larger fluxes than during the XMM-Newton observations. Ten of the XMM-Newton SSSs were detected by Chandra with <1-~6 yr between the observations. Five were also classified as SSSs by Chandra. Of the 30 ROSAT SSSs three were confirmed with XMM-Newton, while for 11 sources other classifications are suggested. Of the remaining 16 sources one correlates with an optical nova. Of the 42 Chandra very-soft sources five are classified as XMM-Newton SSSs, while for 22 we suggest other classifications. Of the remaining 15 sources, nine are classified as transient by Chandra, one of them correlates with an optical nova. These findings underlined the high variability of the sources of this class and the connection between SSSs and optical novae. Only three sources, were detected by all three missions as SSSs. Thus they are visible for more than a decade, despite their variability.

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