轴浆压力波及其在神经冲动传播中的作用
On axoplasmic pressure waves and their possible role in nerve impulse propagation
摘要：
有人建议，传播的动作电位是伴随着轴浆压力脉冲传播的轴浆沿轴突长度。压力脉冲拉伸调制嵌入轴突膜中的电压门控Na（Nav）通道，导致其加速激活和失活并增加峰值通道电导。因此，动作电位传播是由于离散离子电流和轴浆压力脉冲对Nav通道的机械-电激活。这种传播的速度高于经典的纯电Nav激活机制，并且它可能接近轴质中压力脉冲的传播速度。在电压尖峰期间流入的细胞外Ca离子，或从细胞内储存释放的Ca离子，可以触发产生和增强压力脉冲的机制，从而对抗其粘性衰减。该模型可以潜在地解释一些不包含在纯粹的电学Hodgkin-Huxley型框架中的现象：麻醉剂有效性的Meyer-Overton规则，以及伴随动作电位的各种机械，光学和热力学现象。结果表明，轴浆压力脉冲的传播速度接近神经冲动的测量速度，无论是在绝对大小和依赖于轴突直径，髓鞘形成程度和温度。
英文摘要：
It is suggested that the propagation of the action potential is accompanied by an axoplasmic pressure pulse propagating in the axoplasm along the axon length. The pressure pulse stretch-modulates voltage-gated Na (Nav) channels embedded in the axon membrane, causing their accelerated activation and inactivation and increasing peak channel conductance. As a result, the action potential propagates due to mechano-electrical activation of Nav channels by straggling ionic currents and the axoplasmic pressure pulse. The velocity of such propagation is higher than in the classical purely electrical Nav activation mechanism, and it may be close to the velocity of propagation of pressure pulses in the axoplasm. Extracellular Ca ions influxing during the voltage spike, or Ca ions released from intracellular stores, may trigger a mechanism that generates and augments the pressure pulse, thus opposing its viscous decay. The model can potentially explain a number of phenomena that are not contained within the purely electrical Hodgkin-Huxley-type framework: the Meyer-Overton rule for the effectiveness of anesthetics, as well as various mechanical, optical and thermodynamic phenomena accompanying the action potential. It is shown that the velocity of propagation of axoplasmic pressure pulses is close to the measured velocity of the nerve impulse, both in absolute magnitude and in dependence on axon diameter, degree of myelination and temperature.
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