NLTE radiative transfer calculations of differentially expanding supernovae atmospheres are computationally intensive and are almost universally performed in time-independent snapshot mode. The validity of the steady-state approximation in the rate equations has recently been questioned. We calculate the effective recombination time of hydrogen in SN II using our general purpose model atmosphere code PHOENIX. While we find that the recombination time for the conditions of SNe II at early times is increased over the classical value for the case of a simple hydrogen model atom with energy levels corresponding to just the first 2 principle quantum numbers, the classical value of the recombination time is recovered in the case of a multi-level hydrogen atom. We also find that the recombination time at most optical depths is smaller in the case of a multi-level atom than for a simple two-level hydrogen atom. We find that time dependence in the rate equations is important in the early epochs of a supernova's lifetime. The changes due to the time dependent rate equation (at constant input luminosity) are manifested in physical parameters such as the level populations which directly affects the spectra. The H-alpha profile is affected by the time dependent rate equations at early times. At later times time dependence does not significantly modify the level populations and therefore the H-alpha profile is roughly independent of whether the steady-state or time-dependent approach is used.
Detailed and simplified non-equilibrium helium ionization in the solar atmosphere
氦电离在色球上层和过渡区的能量平衡中起着重要的作用。氦谱线也经常被用作这些区域的诊断。我们对太阳大气进行了一维辐射流体动力学模拟,发现氦的电离主要是由光电离和直接碰撞电离引起的,并被辐射复合级联所抵消。通过引入一个模拟复合级联的附加复合率,我们构造了一个简化的仅由基态组成的三能级氦原子模型。该模型适用于三维数值模型中的非平衡氦电离模拟。我们对He I 10830和He II 304谱线的形成进行了简要的研究。这两条线都显示了统计平衡模型无法恢复的非平衡特征,因此,在使用这种模型作为解释观测结果的基础时应谨慎行事。
The Formation of IRIS Diagnostics. VII. The Formation of the OI 135.56 nm Line in the Solar Atmosphere
O I 135.56 nm谱线被NASA的界面区域成像光谱仪(IRIS)小型探测器任务所覆盖,该任务研究太阳大气层如何被激发。我们在这里研究的形成和诊断潜力,这条线的非LTE建模采用一维半经验和三维辐射磁流体动力学(RMHD)模型。我们研究的基本形成机制,并得出一个典型的模型原子,采用了必要的原子物理学的O I 135.56 nm线的形成。该原子模型有16个能级,并通过有效复合率描述了通过高激发能级的复合级联。电离平衡O I/O II通过电荷交换反应由氢电离平衡设定。在O I 135.56 nm线中的发射由复合级联主导,并且该线是光学薄的。最大发射的多普勒频移与其谱线形成区的垂直速度密切相关,谱线形成区通常位于1.0 - 1.5 μ m高度。线发射的总强度与电子密度的平方相关。由于O I 135.56 nm线在光学上很薄,因此发射线的宽度是非热速度的非常好的诊断。我们的结论是,O I 135.56 nm线是一个很好的探针的中间色球层,并恭维其他强大的色球层诊断IRIS,如Mg II的H & K线和C II线周围133.5 nm。
A Long-Duration Luminous Type IIn Supernova KISS15s: Strong Recombination Lines from the Inhomogeneous Ejecta-CSM Interaction Region and Hot Dust Emission from Newly Formed Dust
我们报告了在木曾超新星巡天(KISS)过程中在一个红移z=0.038的低质量恒星形成星系中发现的一颗类SN 1988 Z IIn型超新星KISS 15 s。KISS 15 s显示出长时间的光学连续谱和发射线光变曲线,表明KISS 15 s是由膨胀的喷出物和致密的星周介质(CSM)之间的持续相互作用提供动力的。H $α$发射线轮廓可以分解为四个高斯的窄,中间,蓝移中间,和广泛的速度宽度分量,与半高全宽$\lesssim 100$,$\sim 2,000$,和$\sim 14,000$ km s ${}^{-1}$的窄,中间,和广泛的组件,分别。蓝移的中间分量的存在下,其中相对于系统速度的视线速度约为$-5,000$ km s ${}^{-1}$,表明喷出物-CSM相互作用区域具有不均匀的形态和各向异性的膨胀速度。我们发现,KISS 15 s显示出不断增加的红外连续辐射,这可以解释为热尘埃热发射的$T \sim 1,200$ K从新形成的尘埃在一个冷的,致密的壳层中的喷出物CSM相互作用区域。从热光度推断出的前身质量损失率是$\dot{M} \sim 0.4 M_{\odot} \text{yr}^{-1} (v_{w}/40 \text{km}~\text{s}^{-1})$,其中$v_{w}$是前身的恒星风速度。这意味着KISS 15 s的前身是一颗红超巨星或一颗发光的蓝色变星,在…
Non-LTE models for synthetic spectra of type Ia supernovae. IV. A modified Feautrier scheme for opacity-sampled pseudo-continua at high expansion velocities and application to synthetic SN Ia spectra