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arXiv 0908.2749cond-mat.stat-mechcond-mat.dis-nn
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亚欧姆热浴中的超低量子动力学

Ultraslow quantum dynamics in a sub-Ohmic heat bath

P. Nalbach, M. Thorwart

摘要:

我们证明了亚欧姆玻色子热浴的低频模式对自旋为-1/2的本征对称量子产生了有效的动力学不对称性。最初完全极化的自旋首先衰减到由动力学不对称性确定的准平衡,从而在自旋分裂的(快)时间尺度上显示出相干阻尼振荡。在此之上,动力学不对称性本身在超慢时间尺度上衰减,并且由于全局平衡相是对称的而渐近消失。定量地研究了准平衡态的初始快衰变性质,讨论了准平衡态本身的超慢动力学特征。的动态不对称性是更明显的亚欧姆指数和较低的温度,这强调了量子多体效应的性质的较小的值。对称性破缺与自旋极化的相干弛豫和过阻尼弛豫之间的动态交叉有关,与局域化量子相变无关。除了这个离域相,我们确定了一个新的相位,其特征在于阻尼相干振荡的本地化阶段。这允许草图的零温度相图的亚欧姆自旋玻色子模型与四个不同的阶段。

英文摘要:

We show that the low-frequency modes of a sub-Ohmic bosonic heat bath generate an effective dynamical asymmetry for an intrinsically symmetric quantum spin -1/2. An initially fully polarized spin first decays towards a quasiequilibrium determined by the dynamical asymmetry, thereby showing coherent damped oscillations on the (fast) time scale of the spin splitting. On top of this, the dynamical asymmetry itself decays on an ultraslow time scale and vanishes asymptotically since the global equilibrium phase is symmetric. We quantitatively study the nature of the initial fast decay to the quasiequilibrium and discuss the features of ultraslow dynamics of the quasiequilibrium itself. The dynamical asymmetry is more pronounced for smaller values of the sub-Ohmic exponent and for lower temperatures, which emphasizes the quantum many-body nature of the effect. The symmetry breaking is related to the dynamic crossover between coherent and overdamped relaxation of the spin polarization and is not connected to the localization quantum phase transition. In addition to this delocalized phase, we identify a novel phase which is characterized by damped coherent oscillations in the localized phase. This allows for a sketch of the zero-temperature phase diagram of the sub-Ohmic spin-boson model with four distinct phases.

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