Moumita Das, Subhendra Mohanty, A. R. Prasanna
We show that a non-minimal coupling of electromagnetism with background torsion can produce birefringence of the electromagnetic waves. This birefringence gives rise to a B-mode polarization of the CMB. From the bounds on B-mode from WMAP and BOOMERanG data, one can put limits on the background torsion at $ξ_{1}T_{1}=(-3.35 \pm 2.65) \times 10^{-22} GeV^{-1}$.
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Cosmological birefringence is a rotation of the polarization plane of photons coming from sources of astrophysical and cosmological origin. The rotation can also depend on the energy of the photons and not only on the distance of the source and on the cosmological evolution of the underlying theoretical model. In this work, we constrain few selected models for cosmological birefringence, combining CMB and astrophysical data at radio, optical, X and gamma wavelengths, taking into account the specific energy and distance dependences.
Axion-like particles (ALPs) can form a network of cosmic strings and domain walls that survives after recombination and leads to anisotropic birefringence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In addition to studying cosmic strings, we clarify and emphasize how the formation of ALP-field domain walls impacts the cosmic birefringence signal; these observations provide a unique way of probing ALPs with masses in the range $3H_0 \lesssim m_a \lesssim 3H_{\rm cmb}$. Using measurements of CMB birefringence from several telescopes, we find no evidence for axion-defect-induced anisotropic birefri…
We show that the cosmic birefringence and miscalibrated polarisation angles can be determined simultaneously by cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments using the cross-correlation between $E$- and $B$-mode polarisation data. This is possible because polarisation angles of the CMB are rotated by both the cosmic birefringence and miscalibration effects,whereas those of the Galactic foreground emission only by the latter. Our method does not require prior knowledge of the $E$- and $B$-mode power spectra of the foreground emission, but uses only the knowledge of the CMB polarisation spectra.…
Parity violating physics beyond the standard model of particle physics induces a rotation of the linear polarization of photons. This effect, also known as cosmological birefringence (CB), can be tested with the observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies which are linearly polarized at the level of $5-10\%$. In particular CB produces non-null CMB cross correlations between temperature and B mode-polarization, and between E- and B-mode polarization. Here we study the properties of the so called D-estimators, often used to constrain such an effect. After deriving the fram…
We study the possibility of constraining the energy dependence of cosmological birefringence by using CMB polarization data. We consider four possible behaviors, characteristic of different theoretical scenarios: energy-independent birefringence motivated by Chern-Simons interactions of the electromagnetic field, linear energy dependence motivated by a 'Weyl' interaction of the electromagnetic field, quadratic energy dependence, motivated by quantum gravity modifications of low-energy electrodynamics, and inverse quadratic dependence, motivated by Faraday rotation generated by primordial magne…
Wading the String Bog: CMB Birefringence in the Swampland
该研究提出宇宙双折射观测可检验沼泽地猜想，指出超轻标量双折射受弱引力猜想约束，薄轴子畴壁或能解释双折射，相关场景可通过POLARBEAR等实验区分。
The B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is an excellent information channel for the detection of relic gravitational waves. However, the detection is contaminated by the B-mode polarization generated by some other effects. In this paper, we discuss the contaminations caused by the cosmological birefringence, which converts the CMB E-mode to the B-mode, and forms the effective noise for the detection of gravitational waves. We find that this contamination is significant, if the rotation angle is large. However, this kind of B-mode can be properly de-rotated, a…
Planck constraints on Cosmic Birefringence and its cross-correlation with the CMB
本文提出仅依赖CMB E-B互相关的谐波估计器以抑制温度宇宙方差，并用Planck PR3与PR4数据约束宇宙双折射功率谱及其与T、E、B场的互相关。
Parity-violating extensions of Maxwell electromagnetism induce a rotation of the linear polarization plane of photons during propagation. This effect, known as cosmic birefringence, impacts on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations producing a mixing of $E$ and $B$ polarization modes which is otherwise null in the standard scenario. Such an effect is naturally parametrized by a rotation angle which can be written as the sum of an isotropic component $α_0$ and an anisotropic one $δα(\hat{\mathbf{n}})$. In this paper we compute angular power spectra and bispectra involving $δα$ and t…
Optimal joint reconstruction from CMB observations: application to cosmic birefringence, patchy reionization and CMB lensing
针对下一代CMB观测中二次估计器的次优性与偏差污染问题，提出联合最大后验框架同时重建多个畸变场，显著降低了重建噪声与透镜偏差，为搜寻原初B模式提供更稳健的分析。
Theories for new particle and early-Universe physics abound with pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone fields that arise when global symmetries are spontaneously broken. The coupling of these fields to the Chern-Simons term of electromagnetism may give rise to cosmological birefringence (CB), a frequency-independent rotation of the linear polarization of photons as they propagate over cosmological distances. Inhomogeneities in the CB-inducing field may yield a rotation angle that varies across the sky. Here we note that such a spatially-varying birefringence may be correlated with the cosmic microwave backgr…
We introduce birefringence effects within the propagation history of CMB, considering the two cases of a constant effect and of an effect that increases linearly in time, as the rotation of polarization induced by birefringence accumulates during photon propagation. Both cases result into a mixing of E and B modes before lensing effects take place, thus leading to the fact that lensing is acting on spectra that are already mixed because of birefringence. Moreover, if the polarization rotation angle increases during propagation, birefringence affects more the large scales that the small scales.…
Constraints on Anisotropic Cosmic Birefringence from CMB B-mode Polarization
本研究利用SPTpol、ACT、POLARBEAR和BICEP的联合极化数据，通过超越薄最后散射面近似的精确理论，对宇宙微波背景B-模式极化中的各向异性宇宙双折射振幅进行了约束，给出了$A_{\ m CB} < 1 \ imes 10^{-4}$的95%置信水平上限。
The circular polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is usually taken to be zero since it is not generated by Thomson scattering. Here we explore the actual level of circular polarization in the CMB generated by conventional cosmological sources of birefringence. We consider two classes of mechanisms for birefringence. One is alignment of the matter to produce an anisotropic susceptibility tensor: the hydrogen spins can be aligned either by density perturbations or CMB anisotropies themselves. The other is anisotropy of the radiation field coupled to the non-linear response of th…
Gravitational lensing effect on cosmic birefringence
本文研究了引力透镜对类轴子粒子诱导的CMB极化宇称奇功率谱的影响，发现未来高分辨率CMB实验必须包含透镜修正以避免参数估计偏差。
Cosmic birefringence tomography and calibration-independence with reionization signals in the CMB
本文提出利用 CMB 再电离与复合时期双折射角之差消除偏振角校准偏差，并结合多类探测实现双折射层析，预测 LiteBIRD 可测至约 0.05 度。
A Chern-Simons coupling of a new scalar field to electromagnetism may give rise to cosmological birefringence, a rotation of the linear polarization of electromagnetic waves as they propagate over cosmological distances. Prior work has sought this rotation, assuming the rotation angle to be uniform across the sky, by looking for the parity-violating TB and EB correlations a uniform rotation produces in the CMB temperature/polarization. However, if the scalar field that gives rise to cosmological birefringence has spatial fluctuations, then the rotation angle may vary across the sky. Here we se…
The polarization of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons is rotated as they pass through (ultralight-) axion string loops. Studying this birefringence can reveal valuable information about the axion-photon coupling and the structure of the string network. We develop an approximate analytic formalism and identify a kernel function that can be used to calculate the two-point correlation function for CMB birefringence induced by an arbitrary axion string network. Using this formalism, we evaluate the birefringence signal for some simple loop distributions (including scaling and network colla…
Cosmic Birefringence (CB) is the in-vacuo rotation of the linear polarization direction of photons during propagation, caused by parity-violating extensions of Maxwell electromagnetism. We build low resolution CB angle maps using Planck Legacy and NPIPE products and provide for the first time estimates of the cross-correlation spectra $C_L^{αE}$ and $C_L^{αB}$ between the CB and the CMB polarization fields. We also provide updated CB auto-correlation spectra $C_L^{αα}$ as well as the cross-correlation $C_L^{αT}$ with the CMB temperature field. We report constraints by defining the scale-invari…
Extracting Axion String Network Parameters from Simulated CMB Birefringence Maps using Convolutional Neural Networks
本研究构建模拟流水线并训练球面卷积神经网络，从模拟CMB双折射图中提取轴子弦网络参数，证明其优于两点统计量，并评估了CMB-S4级噪声对参数估计的影响。
Axion-like particles are dark matter candidates motivated by the Peccei-Quinn mechanism and also occur in effective field theories where their masses and photon couplings are independent. We estimate the dispersion of circularly polarized photons in a background of oscillating axion-like particles (ALPs) with the standard $g_{aγ}\,a\,F_{μν}\tilde F^{μν}/4$ coupling to photons. This leads to birefringence or rotation of linear polarization by ALP dark matter. Cosmic microwave background (CMB) birefringence limits $Δα\lesssim (1.0)^\circ$ enable us to constrain the axion-photon coupling $g_{aγ} …
$nπ$ phase ambiguity of cosmic birefringence
本研究指出CMB宇宙双折射旋转角$β$具有$nπ$相位模糊性，并表明在类轴子粒子起源假设下，可利用各向异性双折射和角功率谱形状部分破除该模糊性，同时讨论实验约束。
Cosmic Birefringence by Dark Photon
本文研究了CMB光子与双折射暗光子间的动力学混合，发现该机制使暗光子的双折射传播至CMB光子并产生各向异性，同时揭示了动力学混合在生成CMB圆偏振和谱畸变中的关键作用。
Field-level constraints on cosmic birefringence with a hybrid $E$-$B$ internal linear combination
提出一种基于多斯托克斯混合内在线性组合的盲图方法，打破宇宙双折射与仪器极化角校准误差及银河系前景 $EB$ 相关的简并，实现对双折射角的空间线性回归估计，并在 LiteBIRD 模拟和 Planck PR4 数据上获得有竞争力的约束。
CMB Birefringence from Axion String Networks Calibrated to an AMR Simulation
本文通过AMR模拟校准轴子弦网络的环交叉模型，预测CMB双折射，结合观测约束电磁异常系数，排除最小大统一理论预测，并探讨其对各向同性双折射证据的意义。
An early dark energy component consisting of a cosmic pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson has been recently proposed to resolve the Hubble tension -- the four-sigma discrepancy between precision measurements of the expansion rate of the universe. Here we point out that such an axion-like component may be expected to couple to electromagnetism by a Chern-Simons term, and will thereby induce an anisotropic cosmic birefringence signal in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We show that observations of the rotation-angle power spectrum and cross-correlation with CMB temperature ani…
Exact CMB B-mode power spectrum from anisotropic cosmic birefringence
研究不依赖薄近似计算各向异性宇宙双折射导致的CMB B模式功率谱，发现薄近似会高估幅度，并利用SPTpol数据限制了该双折射的幅度。
Measures of non-Gaussianity in axion-string-induced CMB birefringence
本文研究了轴子弦诱导的宇宙微波背景双折射的非高斯性，利用峰度和双谱技术量化了 4 点和 3 点关联函数，指出非高斯性测量有助于区分新物理源并打破轴子-光子耦合与弦网络性质间的简并性。
Field-level constraints on cosmic birefringence from hybrid ILC maps combining $E$- and $B$-mode channels
提出混合ILC方法，结合E/B模通道在场级约束宇宙双折射，在LiteBIRD模拟中与功率谱分析相当，并在Planck PR4数据中给出2.7σ的探测。
Recently, the cross-correlation between $E$- and $B$-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which is well explained by cosmic birefringence with rotation angle $β\approx 0.3$ deg, has been found in CMB polarization data. We carefully investigate the possibility of explaining the observed $EB$ correlation by the primordial chiral gravitational waves (CGWs), which can be generated in the parity-violating theories in the primordial Universe. We found that the CGWs scenario does not work due to the overproduction of the $BB$ auto-correlation which far exceeds the observed one …
We study the cross-correlation between the 21cm and CMB B mode fluctuations which are induced by the cosmic birefringence when the non-constant scalar field couples to the electromagnetic field strength. Such multi-wavelength signals can potentially probe the reionization history of the Universe and also explore the nature of fundamental physics such as the parity violation and the scalar field dynamics in the early Universe. We illustrate the feasibility to detect such 21cm-B mode cross-correlations through commonly discussed scalar field models, the quintessence-like scalar field which is re…
Redshift evolution of cosmic birefringence in CMB anisotropies
研究红移相关赝标量场耦合导致的CMB偏振旋转，揭示多极依赖打破与校准角的简并，并预测未来实验可探测的参数及最小耦合。
Cosmic birefringence tomography with polarized Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect
本文提出利用包含所有相关项的偏振Sunyaev-Zel'dovich（pSZ）效应作为宇宙双折射层析探针，发现通过CMB极化模与遥远四极矩模的交叉关联，可将红移2至5的双折射角约束在亚度级别。
Polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) can probe new parity-violating physics such as cosmic birefringence (CB), which requires exquisite control over instrumental systematics. The non-idealities of the half-wave plate (HWP) represent a source of systematics when used as a polarization modulator. We study their impact on the CMB angular power spectra, which is partially degenerate with CB and miscalibration of the polarization angle. We use full-sky beam convolution simulations including HWP to generate mock noiseless time-ordered data, process them through a bin averaging map-m…
A pseudoscalar "axionlike" field, $ϕ$, may explain the $3σ$ hint of cosmic birefringence observed in the $EB$ power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization data. Is $ϕ$ dark energy or dark matter? A tomographic approach can answer this question. The effective mass of dark energy field responsible for the accelerated expansion of the Universe today must be smaller than $m_ϕ\simeq 10^{-33}$ eV. If $m_ϕ\gtrsim 10^{-32}$ eV, $ϕ$ starts evolving before the epoch of reionization and we should observe different amounts of birefringence from the $EB$ power spectrum at low ($l\le…
Forecasts on Anisotropic Cosmic Birefringence Constraints for CMB Experiment in the Northern Hemisphere
针对北半球中纬度即将开展的CMB实验，通过二次估计器分析模拟极化数据，预测其对各向异性宇宙双折射谱振幅$A_{\rm CB}$的约束能力，发现大口径望远镜在相同频段下可将2σ上限收紧至0.0062。
Cosmic Microwave Background experiments must achieve very accurate calibration of their polarization reference frame to avoid biasing the cosmological parameters. In particular, a wrong or inaccurate calibration might mimic the presence of a gravitational wave background, or a signal from cosmological birefringence, a phenomenon characteristic of several non-standard, symmetry breaking theories of electrodynamics that allow for \textit{in vacuo} rotation if the polarization direction of the photon. Noteworthly, several authors have claimed that the BOOMERanG 2003 (B2K) published polarized powe…
Parity-violating extensions of standard electromagnetism produce cosmic birefringence, the in vacuo rotation of the linear polarisation direction of a photon during propagation. We employ {\it Planck} 2018 CMB polarised data to constrain anisotropic birefringence, modeled by its angular power spectrum $C_{\ell}^{αα}$, and the cross-correlation with CMB temperature maps, $C_{\ell}^{αT}$, at scales larger than $\sim$15 degrees. We present joint limits on the scale invariant quantity, $A^{αα} \equiv \ell (\ell +1) \, C_{\ell}^{αα} / 2 π$, and on the analogous amplitude for the cross-correlation, …
A tantalizing hint of isotropic cosmic birefringence has been found in the $E B$ cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization data with a statistical significance of $3σ$. A pseudoscalar field coupled to the CMB photons via the Chern-Simons term can explain this observation. The same field may also be responsible for early dark energy (EDE), which alleviates the so-called Hubble tension. Since the EDE field evolves significantly during the recombination epoch, the conventional formula that relates $E B$ to the difference between the $E$- and $B$-mode auto-power sp…
Axionic defects in the CMB: birefringence and gravitational waves
本研究探讨轴子缺陷（畴壁网络）对CMB双折射和引力波的影响，通过数值模拟推断网络形成湮灭时间，并首次给出再复合后湮灭网络的张力与丰度约束，改进约一个数量级，展望未来B模探测。
The polarization of cosmic microwave background (CMB) can be used to constrain cosmological birefringence, the rotation of the linear polarization of CMB photons potentially induced by parity violating physics beyond the standard model. This effect produces non-null CMB cross correlations between temperature and B mode-polarization, and between E- and B-mode polarization. Both cross-correlations are otherwise null in the standard cosmological model. We use the recently released 2015 Planck likelihood in combination with the Bicep2/Keck/Planck (BKP) likelihood to constrain the birefringence ang…
The cosmological birefringence caused by the coupling between the cosmic scalar field and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons through the Chern-Simons term can rotate the polarization planes of the photons, and mix the CMB E-mode and B-mode polarizations. The rotation angle induced by the dynamical scalar field can be separated into the isotropic background part and the anisotropic fluctuations. The effect of the background part has been be studied in the previous work (Zhao & Li, arXiv:1402.4324). In this paper, we focus on the influence of the anisotropies of the rotation angle. We…
If the physics behind dark energy and/or dark matter violates the parity symmetry assumed in the standard cosmological paradigm, the linear polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons can rotate due to their coupling to the dark sector. Recent 3$σ$ hints of this ``cosmic birefringence" in the EB spectrum of the CMB polarization motivates us to pursue new directions to independently validate and characterize the signal. Here, we explore the prospects to probe cosmic birefringence from small-scale fluctuations in the CMB using polarized Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (pSZ) tomography. We f…
The primary scientific target of the CMB polarization experiments that are currently being built and proposed is the detection of primordial tensor perturbations. As a byproduct, these instruments will significantly improve constraints on cosmic birefringence, or the rotation of the CMB polarization plane. If convincingly detected, cosmic birefringence would be a dramatic manifestation of physics beyond the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. We forecast the bounds on the cosmic polarization rotation (CPR) from the upcoming ground-based Simons Observatory (SO) and the space-base…
Tomographic constraint on anisotropic cosmic birefringence
本研究首次利用Planck PR4偏振数据约束再电离时期产生的各向异性宇宙双折射，发现其功率谱与零结果一致，并证实Ferreira等人(2024)的模型仍与观测相符。
The polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) can be used to search for parity-violating processes like that predicted by a Chern-Simons coupling to a light pseudoscalar field. Such an interaction rotates $E$ modes into $B$ modes in the observed CMB signal by an effect known as cosmic birefringence. Even though isotropic birefringence can be confused with the rotation produced by a miscalibration of the detectors' polarization angles the degeneracy between both effects is broken when Galactic foreground emission is used as a calibrator. In this work, we use realistic simulations of…
ALP domain walls without strings may be formed in the early Universe. We point out that such ALP domain walls lead to both isotropic and anisotropic birefringence of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization, which reflects spatial configuration of the domain walls at the recombination. The polarization plane of the CMB photon coming from each domain is either not rotated at all or rotated by a fixed angle. For domain walls following the scaling solution, the cosmic birefringence of CMB is characterized by $2^{N}$, i.e. $N$-bit, of information with $N = {\cal O}(10^{3-4})$ being equal to …
Probing Anisotropic Cosmic Birefringence with Foreground-Marginalised SPT B-mode Likelihoods
本研究构建SPT-3G D1和SPTpol的前景边缘化CMB B模式极化似然性，用其约束各向异性宇宙双折射振幅$A_{\rm CB}$，获迄今最严BB功率谱约束，数据公开。
We show that the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization data gathered by the BOOMERanG 2003 flight and WMAP provide an opportunity to investigate {\it in-vacuo} birefringence, of a type expected in some quantum pictures of space-time, with a sensitivity that extends even beyond the desired Planck-scale energy. In order to render this constraint more transparent we rely on a well studied phenomenological model of quantum-gravity-induced birefringence, in which one easily establishes that effects introduced at the Planck scale would amount to values of a dimensionless parameter, denoted …
Search for ultra-light axions with CMB polarization
本文研究了通过CMB偏振测量宇宙双折射来搜寻超轻类轴子粒子，指出若近期约0.3度的双折射信号被证实，仅凭CMB数据即可严格限制极低质量与高耦合常数下的ALP参数空间。
CMB Birefringence from Vacuum Interfaces
研究通过真空界面相位机制解释宇宙微波背景偏振旋转，无需超轻轴子，揭示真空结构对暗物质的影响。
Constraining Ultralight ALP Dark Matter in Light of Cosmic Birefringence
本研究针对超轻类轴子粒子暗物质，结合宇宙学约束与洗脱效应分析，发现晚期可非线性成团的ALP均无法解释Planck和WMAP观测到的静态宇宙双折射信号。
Recently, BICEP2 measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarization has indicated the presence of primordial gravitational waves at degree angular scales, inferring the tensor-to-scalar ratio of $r=0.2$ and a running scalar spectral index. In this {\em Letter}, we show that the existence of the fluctuations of cosmological birefringence can give rise to CMB $B$-mode polarization that fits BICEP2 data with $r<0.11$ and no running of the scalar spectral index. Thus, it might be too hasty to conclude that many inflation models with small $r$ are ruled out based on BICEP2 …
Observational evidence for Early Dark Energy as a unified explanation for Cosmic Birefringence and the Hubble tension
本文通过CMB的EB模式观测和局部膨胀率测量，检验了n=3超轻类轴子EDE模型，发现其能同时拟合观测数据并提供统一解释宇宙双折射与哈勃张力的首个证据。
Planck constraints on the scale dependence of isotropic cosmic birefringence
本文利用普朗克数据确认各向同性宇宙双折射角约为0.30度，并通过幂律拟合与非参数贝叶斯重建证明其不随谐波尺度显著变化，支持常数模型，且预测未来CMB实验可将不确定度降低约7倍。
The standard cosmological model is assumed to respect parity symmetry. Under this assumption the cross-correlations of the CMB's temperature anisotropy and `gradient'-like polarization, with the `curl'-like polarization identically vanish over the full sky. However, extensions of the standard model which allow for light scalar field or axion coupling to the electromagnetic field, or coupling to the Riemann gravitational field-strength, as well as other modifications of field theories, may induce a rotation of the CMB polarization plane on cosmological scales and manifest itself as nonvanishing…
Constraining Lorentz Violation using 21cm and CMB Cross Correlations
通过21cm和CMB信号交叉相关，研究双折射角度约束，利用Fisher矩阵方法预测SKA等实验对α_CMB和α_21cm的约束。
It was known that isocurvature perturbation of a nearly massless cosmological axion field can lead to rotation of $E$-mode polarization into $B$-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by the presence of a parity violating coupling of the field to the topological density of electromagnetism, resulting in a phenomenon known as anisotropic cosmic birefringence. In this {\em Letter}, we propose a new source of anisotropic cosmic birefringence induced by dark matter adiabatic density perturbation. If dark matter is ultralight axions that carry a coupling to photon, its adiabatic…
We use the ACTpol published cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization data to constrain cosmological birefringence, a tracer of parity violation beyond the standard model of particle physics. To this purpose, we employ all the polarized ACTpol spectra, including the cross-correlations between temperature anisotropy and B mode polarization (TB) and between E mode and B mode (EB), which are most sensitive to the effect. We build specific, so-called D-estimators for birefringence and assess their performances and error budgets by using realistic Monte Carlo simulations based on the experimen…
Anisotropic cosmic birefringence estimates for forthcoming CMB experiments
本文预测未来CMB实验对各向异性宇宙双折射的灵敏度，通过斑块定位技术重建旋转角，预计可将当前约束改善10-40倍，并给出95%置信水平下的振幅上限。
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