Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
Reinhard Stock
本文对相对论性核碰撞领域和强相互作用物质的相图作了较全面的介绍。显示了这一审查综合体的内容。
A comprehensive introduction is given to the field of relativistic nuclear collisions, and the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. The content of this complex of reviews is shown.
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Dynamics of Ultra-Relativistic Nuclear Collisions with Heavy Beams: An Experimental Overview
本文从实验的角度评述了超相对论重束核碰撞的现状。
Secondary nuclear fragment beams for investigations of relativistic fragmentation of light radioactive nuclei using nuclear photoemulsion at Nuclotron
慢引出的相对论轻核束流和束流输运线网系统为在LHE加速器上形成次级核束流奠定了良好的基础。近年来，该实验室在该领域的活动与利用乳胶技术研究轻核结构的项目有关[1，2]。本文简要总结了工作的结果。
Hadron production in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions and the QCD phase boundary
我们简要地更新我们的理解强子生产的相对论性核-核碰撞的统计模型，重点是数据的关系，QCD相边界和一个难题的束能量依赖。
Centrality dependence of some characteristics of relativistic nuclear interactions and percolation cluster formation
一些中心性实验表明，相对论性核相互作用中产生的次级粒子的特性行为会发生区系变化和饱和。我们讨论了解释这一现象的机制可能是渗流团簇形成，我们预计在团簇中会出现去禁闭现象。
Physics of Ultra-Relativistic Nuclear Collisions with Heavy Beams at LHC Energy
我们讨论了目前计划的实验与超相对论核碰撞的重束在LHC的能量（$\sqrt{s} = 5.5$ TeV/核子对）。重点将放在LHC计划所特有的过程上。它们包括逐事件干涉测量、$Υ$共振的完整光谱学、开放魅力和开放美丽测量。
Determination of Azimuthal Anisotropy of Neutral Pions from the Measured Anisotropy of Photons in Ultra-relativistic Nuclear Collisions
本文提出了一种通过测量超相对论核碰撞中光子的方位各向异性来推断中性π介子的各向异性的方法。估计的光子各向异性的中性π介子的各向异性的比例被认为是缩放与依赖于光子多重性和各向异性的参数。这个参数可以从实验数据中确定。
Ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions: event shape engineering
在高能核碰撞中产生的系统的演化对系统初始几何的涨落非常敏感。在这封信中，我们展示了如何利用这些大的波动来选择对应于特定初始形状的事件。这种“事件形状工程”为高能核碰撞理论的定量检验和对高密度热QCD物质性质的理解提供了许多新的可能性。
Status and prospects of nuclear clustering studies by dissociation of relativistic nuclei in nuclear track emulsion are presented. The unstable $^{8}$Be and $^{9}$B nuclei are identified in dissociation of the isotopes $^{9}$Be, $^{10}$B, $^{10}$C and $^{11}$C, and the Hoyle state in the cases $^{12}$C and $^{16}$O. On this ground searching for the Hoyle state and more complex $α$-particle states in the dissociation of the heavier nuclei is suggested. A detailed study of a low-density baryonic matter arising in dissociation of the heaviest nuclei is forthcoming long-term problem. An analysis o…
Multiplicity and angular distribution of particles emitted in relativistic nuclear-nuclear interactions
本文讨论了相对论能量下强子-核和核-核相互作用中慢粒子的平均多重数和角分布随碰撞中心度变化的实验结果。我们观察到，随着抛射体质量的增加，慢粒子的角分布发生了变化，π介子、质子和轻核抛射体的角分布几乎消失。在较重的弹丸与核靶相互作用过程中，次级相互作用次数增加，核子-核子弹性散射和再散射事件次数增加。我们建议使用重离子发生器恢复这些信息，同时考虑多重数分布。因为我们的研究表明，形成的渗流集团充分影响的行为，在这些相互作用中发射的慢粒子的平均多重性。
A study of nuclear stopping in central symmetric nuclear collisions at intermediate energies
研究了中能中心对称核碰撞中的核阻止。首先，它被发现，各向同性比，Riso，达到费米能量附近的最小值和饱和或缓慢增加依赖于系统的质量作为束能量的增加。一个近似的缩放的基础上的系统的大小被发现以上的费米能量表明在介质中的核子核子碰撞的作用越来越大。其次，计算了速度空间的电荷密度分布dZ/dvk和dZ/dv？，揭示了入口通道的强烈记忆，因此，在中间能量范围内具有相当大的核透明度。最后，它表明，横向速度分布的宽度是成正比的光束速度。
Nuclear Modification of $π^0$ Production in OO Collisions with ALICE
ALICE实验首次测量OO碰撞中π⁰的核修改因子R_OO，发现与pp碰撞相比有显著抑制，且偏离仅包含冷核物质效应的模型预测。
This article summarizes our present knowledge about nuclear matter at the highest energy densities and its formation in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We review what is known about the structure and properties of the quark-gluon plasma and survey the observables that are used to glean information about it from experimental data.
Introduction to Relativistic Collisions
相对论碰撞导论;电子正电子湮没的分析--作为一个实际例子。
Experimental results and phenomenology of quarkonium production in relativistic nuclear collisions
本文综述了核-核碰撞中夸克偶素产生的最新测量结果及其在理论模型中的理解。
Ultra-relativistic light-heavy nuclear collisions and collectivity
我们简要回顾了超相对论性轻重碰撞（p-Pb，d-Au，3 He-Au，12 C-Au）的一些亮点，这些碰撞显示了集体演化，具有与A-A系统相同的特征。
Many probes are proposed to determine the quark-gluon plasma and explore its properties in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Some of them are related to initial states of the collisions, such as collective flow, Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) correlation, chiral magnetic effects and so on. The initial states can come from geometry overlap of the colliding nuclei, fluctuations or nuclear structure with the intrinsic geometry asymmetry. The initial geometry asymmetry can transfer to the final momentum distribution in the aspect of hydrodynamics during the evolution of the fireball. Different f…
We extensively study the system size dependence of nuclear collisions with a multi-phase transport model. Previously certain key parameters for the initial condition needed significantly different values for $pp$ and central $AA$ collisions for the model to reasonably describe the yields and transverse momentum spectra of the bulk matter in those collision systems. Here we scale two key parameters, the Lund string fragmentation parameter $b_L$ and the minijet transverse momentum cutoff $p_0$, with local nuclear thickness functions from the two colliding nuclei. This allows the model to use the…
Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions
介绍了分析各向异性流（有向流、椭圆流等）的策略和技术。在相对论性核碰撞。重点是使用的方位角分布的傅立叶展开。我们提出了相关的公式，这种方法，特别是，显示事件的多重性如何进入事件平面分辨率。我们还讨论了非流动相关性的作用和一种方法引入流到模拟。
These conferences proceedings summarize the experimental findings of collective effects in nuclear collisions, as presented at the Quark Matter 2018 conference.
Jets in Nuclear Collisions: Status and Perspective
本文综述了高能核碰撞中喷流相关测量的现状和发展方向，以及它们作为QCD物质探测的应用。
Collective phenomena in high-energy nuclear collisions
我回顾了在2014年夸克物质会议上提出的$\pA$和A+A碰撞中集体现象的实验研究。
We introduce a novel set of observables associated to the rapidly developing field of persistent homology for the quantitative characterization of nuclear collisions and their evolution. Persistent homology allows for the identification of topological and homological characteristics of distributions in multi-dimensional spaces. We demonstrate here how to apply the toolset of persistent homology to the extraction of novel clustering signatures and the identification of long-range flow correlations in the particle production process of nuclear collisions.
This article describes calculations of the yield ratio of anti-particles to the yield of particles ($\bar{p}/p$, $\bar{d}/d$,$\overline{^{3}\mathrm{He}}$/$^{3}$He) in proton-proton and nuclear-nuclear interactions using the self-similarity parameter in the central rapidity region. The used approach is based on the study of relativistic nuclear interactions in the four-velocity space. The results of the calculations are compared with the existing experimental data in a wide center-of-mass energy range ($SPS$, $RHIC$, $LHC$). Within this approach the inclusive spectra of pions and kaons and rati…
A Computer Program for Relativistic Multiple Coulomb and Nuclear Excitation
本文给出了计算相对论重离子多重电偶极、电四极和磁偶极库仑激发的计算机程序。该程序适用于任意原子核，由自旋和能级的能量以及所有E1，E2和M1矩阵元素指定。核激发的计算可选择双极、偶极和四极激发，并需要输入光学势。对于给定的轰击条件，计算了微分截面和统计张量（用于计算γ射线角分布函数）。
Modeling nuclear weak-interaction processes with relativistic energy density functionals
相对论性能量密度泛函已成为研究整个核素图上基态性质和集体激发的原子核结构的标准框架。我们回顾了核弱相互作用过程建模的最新进展：电荷交换激发和等熵质子-中子配对的作用，与超新星演化和中微子探测器相关的带电中微子-核反应，以及r-过程核合成β衰变率的计算。
We review direct photons in the phenomenology of nuclear collisions at relativistic energies. Direct photons carry information about the space-time evolution of nuclear collisions because the QCD medium is transparent against colorless particles. After a status summary of theoretical and experimental studies, transverse momentum spectra and azimuthal momentum anisotropies of direct photons are studied in the context of the hydrodynamic modeling of relativistic nuclear collisions with emphasis on pre-equilibrium photons. It is implied that pre-equilibrium photons can be as important as thermal …
Multiplicity fluctuations in nuclear collisions at 158 A GeV
在NA 49 CERN实验中研究了158 AGeV核碰撞中带电粒子多重数涨落的系统尺寸依赖性。结果表明，非单调依赖的多重性分布的比例方差的最大半周边铅+铅相互作用的弹丸参与者的数量约为35。这种效应在核碰撞的弦-强子模型HIJING中没有观察到。
An investigation of nuclear collisions with a momentum-dependent Lattice Hamiltonian model
本文提出了一种模拟中能重离子碰撞的格点哈密顿方法。在验证了稳态基态解的正确性后，我们将其应用于核阻止本领的计算，并将计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。我们的研究结果支持一个相对较软的核物质状态方程，具有动量依赖的自洽平均场。
Anisotropic Flow and Jet Quenching in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
探索极端条件下的强相互作用物质是相对论重离子碰撞的主要目标之一。我们提供了夸克-胶子等离子体的新特性的一些主要结果，特别关注的是强集体性和颜色不透明的高能核碰撞中产生的RHIC和LHC的这种热和致密的物质所表现出的。
Extraction of ground-state nuclear deformations from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions: Nuclear structure physics context
本文探讨了超相对论重离子碰撞中核形状成像技术的理论基础，指出现有方法对对称破缺的理解存在不足，并提出将核形状知识纳入分析流程以改进模型校准
Double nuclear modification factor in relativistic heavy ion collisions
本文利用HYDJET++模型检验相对论重离子碰撞中双重核修正因子的因子化假设，发现当双部分子散射效应可忽略时，该因子化在中等偏高横动量下近似成立。
I review the current status and some prospects of theoretical studies on open heavy flavor physics in nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC energies.
The quark matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions is interpreted as a nearly-perfect fluid. The recent efforts to explore its finite-density properties in the beam energy scan programs motivate one to revisit the issue of the local rest frame fixing in off-equilibrium hydrodynamics. I first investigate full second-order relativistic hydrodynamics in the Landau and the Eckart frames. Then numerical hydrodynamic simulations are performed to elucidate the effect of frame choice on flow observables in relativistic nuclear collisions. The results indicate that the flow can differ in the L…
Relativistic chiral nuclear forces: status and prospects
本文回顾了Weinberg手征核力的现状与局限，介绍了相对论手征核力及其对散射相移和微分截面等可观测量的描述，并指出该框架可自然扩展至反核子-核子相互作用。
Basic phenomenology for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
本文对相对论性重离子碰撞中收集到的软强子数据进行了基本的解释。
Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions
综述了核碰撞各向异性流领域的最新进展。从顶部AGS能源顶部RHIC能源的结果进行了讨论，重点是技术，解释，和测量的不确定性。
The penetrating nature of electromagnetic signals makes them suitable probes to explore the properties of the strongly-interacting medium created in relativistic nuclear collisions. We examine the effects of the initial conditions and shear relaxation time on the spectra and flow coefficients of electromagnetic probes, using an event-by-event 3+1D viscous hydrodynamic simulation (MUSIC).
Saturation of nuclear matter in the relativistic Brueckner Hatree-Fock approach with a leading order covariant chiral nuclear force
本研究在相对论Brueckner-Hartree-Fock框架下，利用领先阶协变手征核力仅凭两体力同时描述核子散射数据和核物质饱和，为核饱和的微观理解奠定基础。
I show that the average transverse momentum, $\langle p_t \rangle$, of the hadrons emitted in relativistic nuclear collisions can be used as a ``knob'' to control the strength of the magnetic field induced by the spectator and the participant protons over the overlap region. I thus argue that any observable sensitive to this magnetic field is nontrivially correlated with $\langle p_t \rangle$ at a given collision centrality.
Parton saturation, production, and equilibration in high energy nuclear collisions
电子离开原子核的深度非弹性散射可以确定部分子分布在HERA能量下是否饱和。如果是这样的话，这一现象也将告诉我们大量关于粒子是如何产生的，以及它们是否在高能核碰撞中平衡。
We review the equation of state of QCD matter at finite densities. We discuss the construction of the equation of state with net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness using the results of lattice QCD simulations and hadron resonance gas models. Its application to the hydrodynamic analyses of relativistic nuclear collisions suggests that the interplay of multiple conserved charges is important in the quantitative understanding of the dense nuclear matter created at lower beam energies. Several different models of the QCD equation of state are discussed for comparison.
The direct photon emission model in relativistic nuclear colliders has been improved in recent years for reducing the discrepancy between theoretical estimations and experimental data and for understanding the properties of the QCD matter. In this study, the contribution of pre-equilibrium photons are investigated in addition to those of prompt and thermal photons in the framework of a relativistic hydrodynamic model. The numerical simulations at an LHC energy suggest that the pre-equilibrium photons may be relevant at intermediate transverse momentum near the saturation momentum scale, increa…
Separating the impact of nuclear skin and nuclear deformation in high-energy isobar collisions
本研究针对高能同量异位素碰撞中核结构效应的区分问题，通过分析$^{96}$Ru与$^{96}$Zr碰撞的椭圆流及其涨落，发现核皮厚度影响固有椭圆率、核形变影响涨落，提出了分离二者效应的数据驱动方法。
Isospin-dependent properties of asymmetric nuclear matter in relativistic mean-field models
利用各种相对论平均场模型，包括有介子场自相互作用的非线性模型、有密度依赖的介子-核子耦合模型和无介子场的点耦合模型，我们研究了非对称核物质的同位旋依赖的体性质和单粒子性质.特别是，我们已经确定了这些不同的相对论平均场模型的核对称性能量的密度依赖性，并比较结果与最近从分析的实验数据中提取的约束条件的同位旋扩散和同位素标度在中能重离子碰撞，以及从测量的同位素依赖性的巨大的π-共振在偶数-A Sn同位素。在相对论平均场模型的23个参数中，只有少数几个能给出与经验约束相一致的对称性能量，这些参数通常用于原子核结构的研究。我们还研究了核对称势和同位旋非对称核物质中核子有效质量的同位旋劈裂。我们发现，在重子密度一定的情况下，核对称势的动量依赖性和丰中子核物质中核子有效质量的同位旋分裂不仅依赖于核相互作用，而且依赖于核子光学势的定义.
Recent developments and applications of the relativistic chiral nuclear force
本文综述了相对论性手性核力的最新发展，介绍了高精度核力构建及在核物质等领域的应用。
Probing the High Density Behaviour of Nuclear Symmetry Energy with High Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
高能重离子碰撞被认为是严格限制核对称能高密度行为的一种新方法。在一个与同位旋相关的强子输运模型中，首次证明了在高能重离子碰撞中形成的HD核物质的同位旋不对称性是由核对称能的HD行为唯一决定的.两个灵敏探针的实验特征，即，$π^-$与$π^+$的比值和中子-质子微分集体流也进行了研究。
We propose a new method to determine the spatially or impact-parameter dependent nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) using the double parton scattering (DPS) processes in high-energy heavy-ion (proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus) collisions. We derive a simple generic DPS formula in nuclear collisions by accommodating both the nuclear collision geometry and the spatially dependent nuclear modification effect, under the assumption that the impact-parameter dependence of nPDFs is only related to the nuclear thickness function. While the geometric effect is widely adopted, the impact of…
I show that particle collider experiments on relativistic nuclear collisions can serve as direct probes of the deformation of the colliding nuclear species. I argue that collision events presenting very large multiplicities of particles and very small values of the average transverse momentum of the emitted hadrons probe collision geometries in which the nuclear ellipsoids fully overlap along their longer side. By looking at these events one selects interaction regions whose elliptic anisotropy is determined by the deformed nuclear shape, which becomes accessible experimentally through the mea…
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