J. E. Carlstrom, P. A. R. Ade, K. A. Aird, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, S. Busetti, C. L. Chang, E. Chauvin, H. -M. Cho, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, M. A. Dobbs… 展开作者
J. E. Carlstrom, P. A. R. Ade, K. A. Aird, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, S. Busetti, C. L. Chang, E. Chauvin, H. -M. Cho, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, M. A. Dobbs, N. W. Halverson, S. Heimsath, W. L. Holzapfel, J. D. Hrubes, M. Joy, R. Keisler, T. M. Lanting, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, J. Leong, W. Lu, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, J. E. Ruhl, K. K. Schaffer, D. Schwan, E. Shirokoff, H. G. Spieler, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, C. Tucker, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson
备注：
47 pages, 14 figures, updated to match version to be published in PASP 123 903 (May, 2011)
The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10 m diameter, wide-field, offset Gregorian telescope with a 966-pixel, multi-color, millimeter-wave, bolometer camera. It is located at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station in Antarctica. The design of the SPT emphasizes careful control of spillover and scattering, to minimize noise and false signals due to ground pickup. The key initial project is a large-area survey at wavelengths of 3, 2 and 1.3 mm, to detect clusters of galaxies via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and to measure the small-scale angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The data will be used to characterize the primordial matter power spectrum and to place constraints on the equation of state of dark energy. A second-generation camera will measure the polarization of the CMB, potentially leading to constraints on the neutrino mass and the energy scale of inflation.
The South Pole Telescope Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) is a pathfinder experiment that will demonstrate the use of on-chip filter-bank spectrometers for mm-wave line intensity mapping (LIM). The SPT-SLIM focal plane consists of 18 dual-polarization R=300 filter-bank spectrometers covering 120-180 GHz, coupled to aluminum kinetic inductance detectors. A compact cryostat holds the detectors at 100 mK and performs observations without removing the SPT-3G receiver. SPT-SLIM will be deployed to the 10-m South Pole Telescope for observations during the 2023-24 austral summer. We discus…
Multichroic TES Bolometers and Galaxy Cluster Mass Scaling Relations with the South Pole Telescope
南极望远镜（英语：South Pole Telescope）是一个高分辨率的微波频率望远镜，用于观测宇宙微波背景（CMB）。到目前为止，已经在SPT上安装了两台摄像机，对CMB进行了两次调查，第一次是强度调查（SPT-SZ），第二次是强度和偏振调查（SPTpol）。目前正在开发第三代偏振敏感相机（SPT-3G）。本论文介绍了工作跨越所有三个仪器上的SPT。我提出我的工作在时间颠倒的顺序，遵循仪器开发，部署和分析的规范叙述。首先，新的3波段多色过渡边缘传感器（TES）的SPT-3G实验测辐射热计的开发和测试进行了详细说明，其次是频率复用低温读出电子的SPTpol实验的开发和部署，并得出结论与SPT-SZ仪器所采取的数据分析。我描述了一个贝叶斯似然为基础的方法，我开发的测量综合康普顿化（YSZ）的星系团的Sunyaev-Zel 'dovich（SZ）效应，并限制星系团YSZ质量标度关系的发展。
We present details of the design, simulation, and initial test results of prototype detectors for the fourth-generation receiver of the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Optimized for the detection of key secondary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), SPT-3G+ will measure the temperature and polarization of the mm/sub-mm sky at 220, 285, and 345 GHz, beyond the peak of the CMB blackbody spectrum. The SPT-3G+ focal plane will be populated with microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), allowing for significantly increased detector density with reduced cryogenic complexity. We p…
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) experiment that aims to observe supermassive black holes with an angular resolution that is comparable to the event horizon scale. The South Pole occupies an important position in the array, greatly increasing its north-south extent and therefore its resolution. The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10-meter diameter, millimeter-wavelength telescope equipped for bolometric observations of the cosmic microwave background. To enable VLBI observations with the SPT we have constructed a coherent signal chain suitable for…
Opportunities for Gravitational Wave Physics at the South Pole
Harvard University（哈佛大学）；University of Wisconsin–Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）
BICEP3 is a 520 mm aperture on-axis refracting telescope at the South Pole, which observes the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 95 GHz to search for the B-mode signal from inflationary gravitational waves. In addition to this main target, we have developed a low-elevation observation strategy to extend coverage of the Southern sky at the South Pole, where BICEP3 can quickly achieve degree-scale E-mode measurements over a large area. An interesting E-mode measurement is probing a potential polarization anomaly around the CMB Cold Spot. During the austral summer seasons o…
The South Pole, which hosts the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, has a complete and around-the-clock exposure to the Galactic Center. Hence, it is an ideal location to search for gamma rays of PeV energy coming from the Galactic Center. However, it is hard to detect air showers initiated by these gamma rays using cosmic-ray particle detectors due to the low elevation of the Galactic Center. The use of antennas to measure the radio footprint of these air showers will help in this case, and would allow for a 24/7 operation time. So far, only air showers with energies well above 10 PeV have been det…
BICEP/Keck XXII: Analysis of the South Pole Atmosphere for CMB Observations
Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛与史密森尼天体物理中心）；University of New Mexico（新墨西哥大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）
Lunar retro-reflector arrays (LRAs) consisting of corner-cube reflectors (CCRs) placed on the nearside of the Moon during the Apollo era have demonstrated their longevity, cost-effectiveness, ease of deployment, and most importantly their interdisciplinary scientific impact through the ongoing lunar laser ranging (LLR) experiment. The human exploration of the lunar south polar region provides a unique opportunity to build on this legacy and contribute to the scientific return of the Artemis, for many decades to come. Here we outline the extended science objectives realizable with the deploymen…
The Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SLIM) is a mm-wave line-intensity mapping (mm-LIM) experiment for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The goal of SPT-SLIM is to serve as a technical and scientific pathfinder for the demonstration of the suitability and in-field performance of multi-pixel superconducting filterbank spectrometers for future mm-LIM experiments. Scheduled to deploy in the 2023-24 austral summer, the SPT-SLIM focal plane will include 18 dual-polarization pixels, each coupled to an $R = λ/Δλ$ = 300 thin- film microstrip filterbank spectrometer that spans the 2 mm atmospheric windo…
We propose a suite of telescopes be deployed as part of the Artemis III human-crewed expedition to the lunar south pole, able to collect wide-field simultaneous far-ultraviolet (UV), near-UV, and optical band images with a fast cadence (10 seconds) of a single part of the sky for several hours continuously. Wide-field, high-cadence monitoring in the optical regime has provided new scientific breakthroughs in the fields of exoplanets, stellar astrophysics, and astronomical transients. Similar observations cannot be made in the UV from within Earth's atmosphere, but are possible from the Moon's …
The lunar poles are unique environments of both great scientific and, increasingly, commercial interest. Consequently, a tension exists between the twin objectives of (a) Exploring the lunar poles for both scientific and commercial purposes and ultimately supporting a lunar economy; and (b) Minimising the environmental impacts on the lunar polar regions so as to preserve them for future scientific investigations. We suggest that the best compromise between these equally valuable objectives would be to restrict scientific and commercial activities to the lunar South Pole, while placing a morato…
We have developed a 230 and 345 GHz very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) receiver for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). With the receiver installed, the SPT has joined the global Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array. The receiver optics select the 230 or 345 GHz mixers by rotating the tertiary mirror around the optical axis, directing the chief ray from the secondary mirror to the feed horn of the selected frequency band. The tertiary is installed on top of the receiver cryostat, which contains both mixer assemblies. The feed horns are placed symmetrically across the centerline of the telesco…
We present the South Galactic Pole (SGP) data release from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey. These data combine both years of GLEAM observations at 72-231 MHz conducted with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) and cover an area of 5,113 $\mathrm{deg}^2$ centred on the SGP at 20$^\mathrm{h}$40$^\mathrm{m}$ < RA < 05$^\mathrm{h}$04$^\mathrm{m}$ and $-48°$ < Dec < $-2°$. At 216 MHz, the typical rms noise is $\approx 5$ mJy/beam and the angular resolution $\approx 2$ arcmin. The source catalogue contains a total of 108,851 components above $5σ$, of wh…
A surface array of radio antennas will enhance the performance of the IceTop array and enable new, complementary science goals. First, the accuracy for cosmic-ray air showers will be increased since the radio array provides a calorimetric measurement of the electromagnetic component and is sensitive to the position of the shower maximum. This enhanced accuracy can be used to better measure the mass composition, to search for possible mass-dependent anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic rays, and for more thorough tests of hadronic interaction models. Second, the sensitivity of the r…
Geophysical imaging of the lunar near-surface structure will be key for in situ resource utilization, identification of hazards for crews and infrastructure, and answering science questions on the formation and interior of the Moon. The goal of this white paper is to highlight the value of ground-based geophysical experiments by a crew and to outline a series of experiments to address key science questions. Specifically, we propose for the Artemis III crewed mission multidisciplinary investigations using geophysical methods such as seismic, seismological, ground penetrating radar, and electrom…
The sources of ultra-high energy (UHE) cosmic rays, which can have energies up to 10^20 eV, remain a mystery. UHE neutrinos may provide important clues to understanding the nature of cosmic-ray sources. ARIANNA aims to detect UHE neutrinos via radio (Askaryan) emission from particle showers when a neutrino interacts with ice, which is an efficient method for neutrinos with energies between 10^16 eV and 10^20 eV. The ARIANNA radio detectors are located in Antarctic ice just beneath the surface. Neutrino observation requires that radio pulses propagate to the antennas at the surface with minimum…
Constraining the Galactic foregrounds with multi-frequency Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations is an essential step towards ultimately reaching the sensitivity to measure primordial gravitational waves (PGWs), the sign of inflation after the Big-Bang that would be imprinted on the CMB. The BICEP Array telescope is a set of multi-frequency cameras designed to constrain the energy scale of inflation through CMB B-mode searches while also controlling the polarized galactic foregrounds. The lowest frequency BICEP Array receiver (BA1) has been observing from the South Pole since 2020 and…
We present the largest submillimeter images that have been made of the extragalactic sky. The Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) is a survey of 660 deg$^2$ with the PACS and SPIRE cameras in five photometric bands: 100, 160, 250, 350, and 500μm. In this paper we present the images from our two largest fields which account for ~75% of the survey. The first field is 180.1 deg$^2$ in size centered on the North Galactic Pole (NGP) and the second field is 317.6 deg$^2$ in size centered on the South Galactic Pole. The NGP field serendipitously contains the Coma cluster. Ove…
The BICEP3 CMB Polarimeter is a small-aperture refracting telescope located at the South Pole and is specifically designed to search for the possible signature of inflationary gravitational waves in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The experiment measures polarization on the sky by differencing the signal of co-located, orthogonally polarized antennas coupled to Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detectors. We present precise measurements of the absolute polarization response angles and polarization efficiencies for nearly all of BICEP3s $\sim800$ functioning polarization-sensitive detector pa…
In 2013 the IceCube collaboration announced the discovery of a cosmic neutrino flux up to PeV energies, validating neutrino astronomy as the next promising observational technique to explore the high-energy Universe. The neutrino community is moving forward with the construction of new facilities to enhance the detection of these elusive particles at higher energies (up to and beyond EeV) and to increase the statistics at the high-energy end of the IceCube neutrino flux. Future large volume neutrino detectors, using both the radio Askaryan and the optical Cherenkov signal, will open the possib…
The 1.0 meter f/4 fast-slew Zadko telescope is located in Western Australia, approximately seventy kilometers north of Perth at Yeal in the Shire of Gingin in a dedicated "low-luminosity" area. It is the only meter class optical research facility at this southern latitude between the east coast of Australia and South Africa and can rapidly image optical transients at a longitude not monitored by other similar facilities. We review here the main results achieved during the last decade and give some points toward the goals set for future years. Finally we discuss the modifications and improvemen…
