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arXiv 0907.1977quant-ph
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用非线性量子演化方程模拟最大熵产生的不可逆绝热弛豫和其它非么正过程

Nonlinear Quantum Evolution Equations to Model Irreversible Adiabatic Relaxation with Maximal Entropy Production and Other Nonunitary Processes

Gian Paolo Beretta

摘要:

本文首先讨论了作者在不可逆性和热力学的完全量子理论的框架下,针对单个孤立或绝热粒子、量子比特或量子双态提出的最大熵产生/最陡熵上升非线性演化方程的几何结构和主要数学特征,最近又被其他作者重新发现。非线性方程生成一个动力学群,而不仅仅是一个半群,提供了任何非平衡密度算子向平衡的不可逆保守松弛的确定性描述。它满足一个非常严格的稳定性要求,相当于热力学第二定律的Hatsopoulos-Keenan声明。然后,我们研究的形式的演化方程,我们提出来描述多体孤立或绝热系统。这取决于新的非线性投影,定义了我们解释为整个系统的能量和熵的“局部感知”的局部算子。在恒定的局部感知能量下,每个组分粒子沿着局部感知熵的最陡增加方向贡献独立的局部趋势。它保存了本地感知的能量和整体能量,并满足强可分性和非信令条件,即使本地的演变并不独立于现有的相关性。最后,我们展示了如何的几何结构可以很容易地导致其他相关的模型,如非酉等熵演化所需的系统的绝热可用性的充分提取。

英文摘要:

We first discuss the geometrical construction and the main mathematical features of the maximum-entropy-production/steepest-entropy-ascent nonlinear evolution equation proposed long ago by this author in the framework of a fully quantum theory of irreversibility and thermodynamics for a single isolated or adiabatic particle, qubit, or qudit, and recently rediscovered by other authors. The nonlinear equation generates a dynamical group, not just a semigroup, providing a deterministic description of irreversible conservative relaxation towards equilibrium from any non-equilibrium density operator. It satisfies a very restrictive stability requirement equivalent to the Hatsopoulos-Keenan statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We then examine the form of the evolution equation we proposed to describe multipartite isolated or adiabatic systems. This hinges on novel nonlinear projections defining local operators that we interpret as ``local perceptions'' of the overall system's energy and entropy. Each component particle contributes an independent local tendency along the direction of steepest increase of the locally perceived entropy at constant locally perceived energy. It conserves both the locally-perceived energies and the overall energy, and meets strong separability and non-signaling conditions, even though the local evolutions are not independent of existing correlations. We finally show how the geometrical construction can readily lead to other thermodynamically relevant models, such as of the nonunitary isoentropic evolution needed for full extraction of a system's adiabatic availability.

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