Cosmic Ray Tests of the Prototype TPC for the ILC Experiment
K. Ackermann, S. Arai, D. C. Arogancia, A. M. Bacala, M. Ball, T. Behnke, H. Bito, V. Eckardt, K. Fujii, T. Fusayasu, N. Ghodbane, H. C. Gooc, T. Kijima, M. Ham… 展开作者
K. Ackermann, S. Arai, D. C. Arogancia, A. M. Bacala, M. Ball, T. Behnke, H. Bito, V. Eckardt, K. Fujii, T. Fusayasu, N. Ghodbane, H. C. Gooc, T. Kijima, M. Hamann, M. Habu, R. -D. Heuer, K. Hiramatsu, K. Ikematsu, A. Kaukher, H. Kuroiwa, M. E. Janssen, Y. Kato, M. Kobayashi, T. Kuhl, T. Lux, T. Matsuda, S. Matsushita, A. Miyazaki, K. Nakamura, O. Nitoh, H. Ohta, R. L. Reserva, K. Sakai, N. Sakamoto, T. Sanuki, R. Settles, A. Sugiyama, T. Takahashi, T. Tomioka, H. Tsuji, T. Watanabe, P. Wienemann, R. Wurth, H. Yamaguchi, M. Yamaguchi, A. Yamaguchi, T. Yamamura, H. Yamaoka, T. Yazu, R. Yonamine
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4 pages, 8 figures. Preprint submitted to TIPP09 Proceedings
时间投影室（TPC）是国际直线对撞机（ILC）实验中心跟踪器的有力候选者，我们已经在高达4 T的磁场下进行了一系列宇宙线实验，使用了一个小型的TPC原型，其读出装置为多丝正比室（MWPC）或气体电子倍增器（GEM）。我们首先证实了在4 T的强轴向磁场下，MWPC读出不能作为ILC-TPC的后备选项，因为其空间分辨率严重受到线平面附近的所谓E x B效应的影响。GEM读出，另一方面，被发现是几乎没有的E × B效应，如预期的，并给出了由漂移电子的横向扩散（扩散限制）确定的分辨率。此外，与MWPC相比，GEM允许更广泛的气体混合物选择。在我们迄今为止尝试的气体中，Ar-CF 4-异丁烷的混合物，其中MWPC可能易于放电，似乎有希望作为ILC-TPC的工作气体，因为其小的扩散常数，特别是在强磁场下。我们报告测量的漂移特性的混合物，包括扩散常数作为电场的函数，并将它们与Magboltz的预测进行比较。还提出了一个基于GEM的ILC-TPC的空间分辨率估计的测量与原型。
英文摘要：
A time projection chamber (TPC) is a strong candidate for the central tracker of the international linear collider (ILC) experiment and we have been conducting a series of cosmic ray experiments under a magnetic field up to 4 T, using a small prototype TPC with a replaceable readout device: multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC) or gas electron multiplier (GEM). We first confirmed that the MWPC readout could not be a fall-back option of the ILC-TPC under a strong axial magnetic field of 4 T since its spatial resolution suffered severely from the so called E x B effect in the vicinity of the wire planes. The GEM readout, on the other hand, was found to be virtually free from the E x B effect as had been expected and gave the resolution determined by the transverse diffusion of the drift electrons (diffusion limited). Furthermore, GEMs allow a wider choice of gas mixtures than MWPCs. Among the gases we tried so far a mixture of Ar-CF4-isobutane, in which MWPCs could be prone to discharges, seems promising as the operating gas of the ILC-TPC because of its small diffusion constant especially under a strong magnetic field. We report the measured drift properties of this mixture including the diffusion constant as a function of the electric field and compare them with the predictions of Magboltz. Also presented is the spatial resolution of a GEM-based ILC-TPC estimated from the measurement with the prototype.
The International Large Detector (ILD) at the International Linear Collider (ILC) requires significantly improved subdetector systems to comply with the envisioned performance. Its central tracking detector is a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) which is equipped with Micropattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) readout modules. The LCTPC collaboration was founded in 2007 to design such a MPGD-based TPC and to build and test demonstrator modules. For this an experimental setup at DESY, Hamburg, was built, where four different readout concepts have been studied in many successful test beam campaigns since …
We have developed a gating foil for the time projection chamber envisaged as a central tracker for the international linear collider experiment. It has a structure similar to the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) with a higher optical aperture ratio and functions as an ion gate without gas amplification. The transmission rate for electrons was measured in a counting mode for a wide range of the voltages applied across the foil using an $^{55}$Fe source and a laser in the absence of a magnetic field. The blocking power of the foil against positive ions was estimated from the electron transmissions.
We conducted a series of beam tests of prototype TPCs for the International Linear Collider (ILC) experiment, equipped with an MWPC, a MicroMEGAS, or GEMs as a readout device. The prototype operated successfully in a test beam at KEK under an axial magnetic field of up to 1 T. The analysis of data is now in progress and some of the preliminary results obtained with GEMs and MicroMEGAS are presented along with our interpretation. Also given is the extrapolation of the obtained spatial resolution to that of a large TPC expected for the central tracker of the ILC experiment.
With the ultimate goal of developing a pixel-based readout for a TPC at the ILC, a GridPix readout system consisting of one Timepix3 chip with an integrated amplification grid was embedded in a prototype detector. The performance was studied in a testbeam with 2.5 GeV electrons at the ELSA accelerator in Bonn. The error on the track position measurement both in the drift direction and in the readout plane is dominated by diffusion. Systematic uncertainties are limited to below 10 $μ$m. The GridPix can detect single ionization electrons with high efficiency, which allows for energy loss measure…
A high momentum resolution is required for the precision measurement of Higgs boson at the International Linear Collider (ILC) using the recoil mass technique. The International Large Detector (ILD) is designed to meet this requirement by an MPGD-readout Time Projection Chamber (TPC) providing about 200 sample points each with a spatial resolution of 100 $μ$m operated in a magnetic field of 3.5 T. However, there is a potential problem that many positive ions generated in the gas amplification process in the end-plane detector modules would flow back into the drift volume of the TPC and distort…
The specific energy loss (dE/dx) resolution is critical for particle identification and separation in TPC. In connection with the R&D for the TPC at the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC), we find the laser ionisation obeys the Gaussian distribution theoretically and experimentally. Based on this, we develop a novel method using a 266 nm UV laser to measure the dE/dx resolution. Comparing to the traditional methods with particle beams or cosmic rays, the novel method with 266 nm UV laser is more convenient and flexible. We verify the method's feasibility with a TPC prototype and extrap…
The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) can identify particle species using the energy loss (dE/dx) measured by the readout pad rows. The dE/dx resolution for the ILD (International Large Detector) -TPC for the International Linear Collider experiment is expected to have high resolution for clear identification. The dE/dx resolution of our prototype TPC with gating device (gating GEM) to suppress ions feedback was measured using the electron test beam in a magnet field at the facility in DESY. The dE/dx resolution for ILD-TPC was estimated using this test beam data. The signal charge was measured as…
Simulating the Charge Dispersion Phenomena in Micro Pattern Gas Detectors with a Resistive Anode
国际直线对撞机（ILC）的TPC将需要测量大约200个轨道点，横向分辨率接近100微米。分辨率的目标是超越传统的比例线/阴极垫TPC和微图案气体检测器（MPGD）的能力正在开发，以满足这一挑战。然而，标准MPGD读出技术将难以实现如最初设想的具有2 mm X 6 mm焊盘的ILC-TPC分辨率目标。对较小宽度焊盘的提议将提高分辨率，但将需要更大数量的读出通道并增加TPC检测器的成本和复杂性。电荷分散的新MPGD读出概念具有在不诉诸较窄焊盘的情况下实现ILC-TPC分辨率目标的潜力。这是最近在宇宙射线测试的一个小型原型TPC读出MPGD使用电荷分散技术证明。在这里，我们描述的电荷分散现象的MPGD-TPC的模拟。详细的模拟包括初始电离团簇、电子漂移、扩散效应、本征探测器脉冲形状和电子学效应。模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好，可用于优化TPC的MPGD电荷色散读出。
The present $\mathrm{R}\&\mathrm{D}$ activities for the International Large Detector Time Projection Chamber (ILD-TPC) concern the adoption of the micro pattern devices for the gaseous amplification stage. Seven Micromegas modules which are commissioned on the end-plate of a Large Prototype TPC (LPTPC) at DESY, were tested with a 5 GeV electron beam, under a 1 T magnetic field. During experiments, reduced signal sensitivity as well as distortion in the reconstructed track was observed at the boundaries of these modules. Electrostatic field inhomogeneity near the module boundaries was considere…
Argon with an admixture of CF4 is expected to be a good candidate for the gas mixture to be used for a time projection chamber (TPC) in the future linear collider experiment because of its small transverse diffusion of drift electrons especially under a strong magnetic field. In order to confirm the superiority of this gas mixture over conventional TPC gases we carried out cosmic ray tests using a GEM-based TPC operated mostly in Ar-CF4-isobutane mixtures under 0 - 1 T axial magnetic fields. The measured gas properties such as gas gain and transverse diffusion constant as well as the observed …
Several new experimental concepts in high-energy particle physics have been proposed in recent years. The physical goals include precisely measuring the properties of particles such as Higgs, Z and W, and even looking for signs of new physics at future colliders. To meet the evolving requirements for particle track detector, Time Projection Chamber(TPC) detector prototype integrated with a UV laser track system was developed for the main track detector at Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC). This prototype consists of 6 horizontal laser tracks around TPC detector chamber, a fast electron…
The GEM-TPC detector will be part of the standard Super-FRS detection system, as tracker detectors at several focal stations along the separator and its three branches.
We report on the recent development of a versatile analog front-end compatible with a negative-ion $μ$-TPC for a directional dark matter search as well as a dual-phase, next-generation $\mathcal{O}$(10~kt) liquid argon TPC to study neutrino oscillations, nucleon decay, and astrophysical neutrinos. Although the operating conditions for negative-ion and liquid argon TPCs are quite different (room temperature \textit{vs.} $\sim$88~K operation, respectively), the readout electronics requirements are similar. Both require a wide-dynamic range up to 1600 fC, and less than 2000--5000 e$^-$ noise for …
High precision physics at future colliders as the International Linear Collider (ILC) require unprecedented high precision in the determination of the energy of final state particles. The needed precision will be achieved thanks to the Particle Flow algorithms (PF) which require highly granular and hermetic calorimeters systems.The physical proof of concept of the PF was performed in the previous campaign of beam tests of physic prototypes within the CALICE collaboration. One of these prototypes was the physics prototype of the Silicon-Tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) for the IL…
A combination Time Projection Chamber-Cherenkov prototype detector has been developed as part of the Detector R&D Program for a future Electron Ion Collider. The prototype was tested at the Fermilab test beam facility to provide a proof of principle to demonstrate that the detector is able to measure particle tracks and provide particle identification information within a common detector volume. The TPC portion consists of a 10x10x10cm3 field cage, which delivers charge from tracks to a 10x10cm2 quadruple GEM readout. Tracks are reconstructed by interpolating the hit position of clusters on an…
The ALICE Collaboration is planning a major upgrade of its central barrel detectors to be able to cope with the increased LHC luminosity beyond 2020. For the TPC, this implies a replacement of the currently used gated MWPCs (Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber) by GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) based readout chambers. In order to prove, that the present particle identification capabilities via measurement of the specific energy loss are retained after the upgrade, a prototype of the ALICE IROC (Inner Readout Chamber) has been evaluated in a test beam campaign at the CERN PS. The d$E$/d$x$ resolutio…
For the International Large Detector (ILD) at the planned International Linear Collider (ILC) a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is foreseen as the main tracking detector. To achieve the required point resolution, Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) will be used in the amplification stage. A readout module using a stack of three Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) for gas amplification was developed at DESY and tested at the DESY II Test Beam Facility. After introducing the readout module and the infrastructure at the test beam facility, the performance related to single point and double-hit resolu…
This document contains the pre-design of the beam diagnostics components Tracking Detectors for the Super-FRS. A GEM-TPC detector has been suggested as suitable tracking detector for the ion/fragment beams produced at the in-flight separator Super-FRS under construction at the FAIR facility. The detector concept combines two widely used approaches in gas filled detectors, the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Gas Electron Multiplication (GEM). Three detector generations (prototypes) have been tested in 2011, 2012 and 2014 with relativistic ion beams at GSI. Due to the high-resolution achro…
The Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III (PandaX-III) is an experiment to search for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) using 200 kg radio-pure high-pressure gaseous xenon TPC with Micromegas detectors at both ends and cathode in the middle. A small-scale TPC equipped with 7 Microbulk Micromegas detectors is developed as the prototype detector. 128 channels are readout following an X-Y design with strips of 3 mm pitch (64 channels each direction) from one Micromegas module. Highly integrated front-end electronics composed of 4 front-end cards with 1024 readout channels is de…
A high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber, with a unique cellular readout structure based on electroluminescence, has been developed for a large-scale neutrinoless double-beta decay search. In order to evaluate the detector performance and validate its design, a 180~L size prototype is being constructed and its commissioning with partial detector has been performed. The obtained energy resolution at 4.0~bar is 1.73 $\pm$ 0.07% (FWHM) at 511 keV. The energy resolution at the $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double-beta decay Q-value is estimated to be between 0.79 and 1.52% (FWHM) by extrapolati…
The Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter (SDHCAL) is proposed to equip the future ILC detector. A technological prototype of the SDHCAL developed within the CALICE collaboration has been extensively tested in test beams. We review here the prototype performances in terms of hadronic shower reconstruction from the most recent analyses test beam data.
A prototype detector is being developed which combines the functions of a Time Projection Chamber for charged particle tracking and a Cherenkov detector for particle identification. The TPC consists of a 10x10x10 cm3 drift volume where the charge is drifted to a 10x10 cm2 triple GEM detector. The charge is measured on a readout plane consisting of 2x10 mm2 chevron pads which provide a spatial resolution ~ 100 microns per point in the chevron direction along with dE/dx information. The Cherenkov portion of the detector consists of a second 10x10 cm2 triple GEM with a photosensitive CsI photocat…
The NEXT experiment aims to observe the neutrinoless double beta decay of Xe-136 in a high-pressure xenon gas TPC using electroluminescence to amplify the signal from ionization. One of the main advantages of this technology is the possibility to use the topology of events with energies close to Qbb as an extra tool to reject background. In these proceedings we show with data from prototypes that an extra background rejection factor of 24.3 +- 1.4 (stat.)% can be achieved, while maintaining an efficiency of 66.7 +- 1.% for signal events. The performance expected in NEW, the next stage of the e…
The basic prototype of a tile hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the International Linear Collider (ILC) has been realised and extensively tested. A major aspect of the proposed concept is the improvement of the jet energy resolution by measuring details of the shower development and combining them with the data of the tracking system (particle flow). The prototype utilises scintillating tiles that are read out by novel Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and takes into account all design aspects that are demanded by the intended operation at the ILC. Currently, a new 12 layer prototype with about 340…
A new prototype of STAR inner Time Projection Chamber (iTPC) MWPC sector has been fabricated and tested in an X-ray test system. The wire chamber built at Shandong University has a wire tension precision better than 6$\%$ and wire pitch precision better than 10 $μ$m. The gas gain uniformity and energy resolution are measured to be better than 1$\%$ (RMS) and 20$\%$ (FWHM), respectively, using an $^{55}$Fe X-ray source. The iTPC upgrade project is to replace all 24 STAR TPC inner sectors as a crucial detector upgrade for the RHIC beam energy scan phase II program. The test results show that the…
Micromegas TPC studies at high magnetic fields using the charge dispersion signal
国际直线对撞机（ILC）时间投影室（TPC）的横向空间点分辨率目标是100微米的所有轨道，包括刚性90度轨道与完整的2米漂移。微图案气体检测器（MPGD）读出TPC可以以增加的检测器成本和复杂性为代价，利用使用1 mm或更窄的焊盘的现有技术来实现目标分辨率。新的电荷分散MPGD读出技术可以实现良好的分辨率，而不诉诸窄垫。这已经在之前的宇宙射线测试和1特斯拉磁体中的KEK束测试中针对具有GEM和Micromegas的2 mm x 6 mm垫进行了证明。我们最近在DESY的高场超导磁体中测试了使用电荷分散读出概念的Micromegas-TPC。测得的Micromegas增益被发现是恒定的磁场高达5特斯拉的0.5%。在高磁场的横向扩散的强烈抑制，我们测量了一个平坦的50微米的分辨率在5特斯拉超过我们的原型TPC的整个15厘米的漂移长度。
DUNE will be the world's largest neutrino experiment due to take data in 2025. Here is described the data acquisition (DAQ) system for one of its prototypes - ProtoDUNE-SP due to take data in Q4 of 2018. ProtoDUNE-SP also breaks records as the largest beam test experiment yet constructed, and is a fundamental element of CERN's Neutrino Platform. This renders ProtoDUNE-SP an experiment in its own right and the design and construction have been chosen to meet this scale. Due to the aggressive timescale, off-the-shelf electronics have been chosen to meet the demands of the experiment where possib…
The FAIR[1] facility is an international accelerator centre for research with ion and antiproton beams. It is being built at Darmstadt, Germany as an extension to the current GSI research institute. One major part of the facility will be the Super-FRS[2] separator, which will be include in phase one of the project construction. The NUSTAR experiments will benefit from the Super-FRS, which will deliver an unprecedented range of radioactive ion beams (RIB). These experiments will use beams of different energies and characteristics in three different branches; the high-energy which utilizes the R…
The technological prototype of the CALICE highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) was tested in a beam at DESY in 2017. The setup comprised seven layers of silicon sensors. Each layer comprised four sensors, with each sensor containing an array of 256 $5.5\times5.5$ mm$^2$ silicon PIN diodes. The four sensors covered a total area of $18\times18$ cm$^2$, and comprised a total of 1024 channels. The readout was split into a trigger line and a charge signal line. Key performance results for signal over noise for the two output lines are presented, together with a st…
Proto-0: a prototype for validating key technologies of the DarkSide-20k experiment and beyond
Università degli Studi Federico II di Napoli（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；Gran Sasso Science Institute（格兰萨索科学研究所）；INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso（意大利国家核物理研究所格兰萨索国家实验室）；INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud（意大利国家核物理研究所南方国家实验室）；National Research Nuclear University MEPhI（莫斯科国立核研究大学）；Sapienza Università di Roma（罗马第一大学）；Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院尼古拉·哥白尼天文学中心）；National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute（库尔恰托夫国家研究中心）
The FAIR facility is an international accelerator centre for research with ion and antiproton beams. It is being built at Darmstadt, Germany as an extension to the current GSI research institute. One major part of the facility will be the Super-FRS separator, which will be include in phase one of the project construction. The NUSTAR experiments will benefit from the Super-FRS, which will deliver an unprecedented range of radioactive ion beams (RIB). These experiments will use beams of different energies and characteristics in three different branches; the high-energy which utilizes the RIB at …
Direct stroke measurement of Piezos for cavity frequency tuner of the ILC prototype cryomodule using a Laser Displacement Sensor
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization（高能加速器研究机构）；The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Department of Accelerator Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高级研究院高能加速器科学学部加速器科学系）
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a leading-edge experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE-Dual Phase (DP) is a 6x6x6 m$^3$ liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. In ProtoDUNE-DP, the scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, we present the performance of the Proto…
