We prove a formula for the number of permutations in $S_n$ such that their first $n-k$ entries are increasing and their longest increasing subsequence has length $n-k$. This formula first appeared as a consequence of character polynomial calculations in recent work of Adriano Garsia and Alain Goupil. We give two `elementary' bijective proofs of this result and of its $q$-analogue, one proof using the RSK correspondence and one only permutations.
We provide a simple injective proof that the number of 132-avoiding permutations with a unique longest increasing subsequence is at least as large as the number of 132-avoiding permutations without a unique longest increasing subsequence.
In this note, we study the mean length of the longest increasing subsequence of a uniformly sampled involution that avoids the pattern $3412$ and another pattern.
We prove a conjecture of Drew Armstrong on the average maximal length of $k$-alternating subsequence of permutations. The $k=1$ case is a well-known result of Richard Stanley.
The length is(w) of the longest increasing subsequence of a permutation w in the symmetric group S_n has been the object of much investigation. We develop comparable results for the length as(w) of the longest alternating subsequence of w, where a sequence a,b,c,d,... is alternating if a>b<c>d<.... For instance, the expected value (mean) of as(w) for w in S_n is exactly (4n+1)/6 if n>1.
We study the longest increasing subsequence problem for random permutations avoiding the pattern $312$ and another pattern $τ$ under the uniform probability distribution. We determine the exact and asymptotic formulas for the average length of the longest increasing subsequences for such permutation classes specifically when the pattern $τ$ is monotone increasing or decreasing, or any pattern of length four.
A classical bijection relates certain Kostka numbers, the Catalan numbers, and permutations of length $n$ with longest increasing subsequence (LIS) of length at most $2.$ We generalize this bijection and find Kostka numbers which count the number of permutations of $n$ with LIS length at most $w,$ the number of permutations with $(1, \cdots, w)$ as a LIS, and other similar subsets of permutations.
We consider the distribution of the length of the longest subsequence avoiding a given pattern in a random permutation of length n. The well-studied case of a longest increasing subsequence corresponds to avoiding the pattern 21. We show that there is some constant c such that the mean value of this length is asymptotic to twice the square root of c times n and that the distribution of the length is tightly concentrated around its mean. We observe some apparent connections between c and the Stanley-Wilf limit of the class of permutations avoiding the given pattern.
Given a set of $t$ words of length $n$ over a $k$-letter alphabet, it is proved that there exists a common subsequence among two of them of length at least $\frac{n}{k}+cn^{1-1/(t-k-2)}$, for some $c>0$ depending on $k$ and $t$. This is sharp up to the value of $c$.
Inspired by the results of Baik, Deift and Johansson on the limiting distribution of the lengths of the longest increasing subsequences in random permutations, we find those limiting distributions for pattern-restricted permutations in which the pattern is any one of the six patterns of length 3. We show that the (132)-avoiding case is identical to the distribution of heights of ordered trees, and that the (321)-avoiding case has interesting connections with a well known theorem of Erd\H os-Szekeres.
The sequence a_1,...,a_m is a common subsequence in the set of permutations S = {p_1,...,p_k} on [n] if it is a subsequence of p_i(1),...,p_i(n) and p_j(1),...,p_j(n) for some distinct p_i, p_j in S. Recently, Beame and Huynh-Ngoc (2008) showed that when k>=3, every set of k permutations on [n] has a common subsequence of length at least n^{1/3}. We show that, surprisingly, this lower bound is asymptotically optimal for all constant values of k. Specifically, we show that for any k>=3 and n>=k^2 there exists a set of k permutations on [n] in which the longest common subsequence has length at m…
Chen proposed a conjecture on the log-concavity of the generating function for the symmetric group with respect to the length of longest increasing subsequences of permutations. Motivated by Chen's log-concavity conjecture, Bóna, Lackner and Sagan further studied similar problems by restricting the whole symmetric group to certain of its subsets. They obtained the log-concavity of the corresponding generating functions for these subsets by using the hook-length formula. In this paper, we generalize and prove their results by establishing the Schur positivity of certain symmetric functions. Thi…
Ochem, Rampersad, and Shallit gave various examples of infinite words avoiding what they called approximate repetitions. An approximate repetition is a factor of the form xx', where x and x' are close to being identical. In their work, they measured the similarity of x and x' using either the Hamming distance or the edit distance. In this paper, we show the existence of words avoiding approximate repetitions, where the measure of similarity between adjacent factors is based on the length of the longest common subsequence. Our principal technique is the so-called "entropy compression" method, w…
Let $π$ be a permutation of $[n]=\{1,\dots,n\}$ and denote by $\ell(π)$ the length of a longest increasing subsequence of $π$. Let $\ell_{n,k}$ be the number of permutations $π$ of $[n]$ with $\ell(π)=k$. Chen conjectured that the sequence $\ell_{n,1},\ell_{n,2},\dots,\ell_{n,n}$ is log concave for every fixed positive integer $n$. We conjecture that the same is true if one is restricted to considering involutions and we show that these two conjectures are closely related. We also prove various analogues of these conjectures concerning permutations whose output tableaux under the Robinson-Sche…
Let $P_{n,k}$ be the number of permutations $π$ on [n]={1, 2,..., n} such that the length of the longest increasing subsequences of $π$ equals k, and let $M_{2n, k}$ be the number of matchings on [2n] with crossing number k. Define $P_n(x)= \sum_k P_{n,k}x^k$ and $M_{2n}(x)=\sum_{k} M_{2n,k}x^k$. We propose some conjectures on the log-concavity and q-log-convexity of the polynomials $P_n(x)$ and $M_{2n}(x)$. We also introduce the notions of $\infty$-q-log-convexity and $\infty$-q-log-concavity, and the notion of higher order log-concavity with respect to $\infty$-q-log-convex or $\infty$-q-log…
We compute the limit distribution for (centered and scaled) length of the longest increasing subsequence of random colored permutations. The limit distribution function is a power of that for usual random permutations computed recently by Baik, Deift, and Johansson (math.CO/9810105). In two--colored case our method provides a different proof of a similar result by Tracy and Widom about longest increasing subsequences of signed permutations (math.CO/9811154). Our main idea is to reduce the `colored' problem to the case of usual random permutations using certain combinatorial results and element…
The expected length of longest common subsequences is a problem that has been in the literature for at least twenty five years. Determining the limiting constants γ_k appears to be quite difficult, and the current best bounds leave much room for improvement. Boutet de Monvel explores an independent version of the problem he calls the Bernoulli Matching model. He explores this problem and its relation to the longest common subsequence problem. This paper continues this pursuit by focusing on a simplification we term r-reach. For the string model, L_r(u,v) is the longest common subsequence of u …
The length $a(n)$ of the longest common subsequence of the $n$'th Thue-Morse word and its bitwise complement is studied. An open problem suggested by Jean Berstel in 2006 is to find a formula for $a(n)$. In this paper we prove new lower bounds on $a(n)$ by explicitly constructing a common subsequence between the Thue-Morse words and their bitwise complement. We obtain the lower bound $a(n) = 2^{n}(1-o(1))$, saying that when $n$ grows large, the fraction of omitted symbols in the longest common subsequence of the $n$'th Thue-Morse word and its bitwise complement goes to $0$. We further generali…
We consider the length L of the longest common subsequence of two randomly uniformly and independently chosen n character words over a k-ary alphabet. Subadditivity arguments yield that the expected value of L, when normalized by n, converges to a constant C_k. We prove a conjecture of Sankoff and Mainville from the early 80's claiming that C_k\sqrt{k} goes to 2 as k goes to infinity.
We consider the distributions of the lengths of the longest monotone and alternating subsequences in classes of permutations of size $n$ that avoid a specific pattern or set of patterns, with respect to the uniform distribution on each such class. We obtain exact results for any class that avoids two patterns of length 3, as well as results for some classes that avoid one pattern of length 4 or more. In our results, the longest monotone subsequences have expected length proportional to $n$ for pattern-avoiding classes, in contrast with the $\sqrt n$ behaviour that holds for unrestricted permut…
Given two random finite sequences from $[k]^n$ such that a prefix of the first sequence is a suffix of the second, we examine the length of their longest common subsequence. If $\ell$ is the length of the overlap, we prove that the expected length of an LCS is approximately $\max(\ell, \mathbb{E}[L_n])$, where $L_n$ is the length of an LCS between two independent random sequences. We also obtain tail bounds on this quantity.
We show that a wide variety of generalized increasing subsequence problems admit a one parameter family of extensions for which we can exactly compute the mean length of the longest increasing subsequence. By the nature of the extension, this gives upper bounds on the mean in the unextended model, which turn out to be asymptotically tight for all of the models that have so far been analyzed. A heuristic analysis based on this fact gives not just the asymptotic mean but also the asymptotic scale factor, again agreeing with all known cases.
We consider the expected length of the longest common subsequence between two random words of lengths $n$ and $(1-\varepsilon)kn$ over $k$-symbol alphabet. It is well-known that this quantity is asymptotic to $γ_{k,\varepsilon} n$ for some constant $γ_{k,\varepsilon}$. We show that $γ_{k,\varepsilon}$ is of the order $1-c\varepsilon^2$ uniformly in $k$ and $\varepsilon$. In addition, for large $k$, we give evidence that $γ_{k,\varepsilon}$ approaches $1-\tfrac{1}{4}\varepsilon^2$, and prove a matching lower bound.
The Mallows measure is measure on permutations which was introduced by Mallows in connection with ranking problems in statistics. Under this measure, the probability of a permutation $π$ is proportional to $q^{Inv(π)}$ where $q$ is a positive parameter and $Inv(π)$ is the number of inversions in $π$. We consider the length of the longest common subsequence (LCS) of two independently permutations drawn according to $μ_{n,q}$ and $μ_{n,q'}$ for some $q,q' >0$. We show that when $0<q,q'<1$, the limiting law of the LCS is Gaussian. In the regime that $n(1-q) \to \infty$ and $n(1-q') \to \infty$ we…
The Mallows measure is a probability measure on $S_n$ where the probability of a permutation $π$ is proportional to $q^{l(π)}$ with $q > 0$ being a parameter and $l(π)$ the number of inversions in $π$. We prove a weak law of large numbers for the length of the longest common subsequences of two independent permutations drawn from the Mallows measure, when $q$ is a function of $n$ and $n(1-q)$ has limit in $\mathbb{R}$ as $n \to \infty$.
Let $LA_{n}(τ)$ be the length of the longest alternating subsequence of a uniform random permutation $τ\in[n]$. Classical probabilistic arguments are used to rederive the asymptotic mean, variance and limiting law of $LA_{n}(τ)$. Our methodology is robust enough to tackle similar problems for finite alphabet random words or even Markovian sequences in which case our results are mainly original. A sketch of how some cases of pattern restricted permutations can also be tackled with probabilistic methods is finally presented.
Let $(X_i)_{i \geq 1}$ and $(Y_i)_{i\geq1}$ be two independent sequences of independent identically distributed random variables taking their values in a common finite alphabet and having the same law. Let $LC_n$ be the length of the longest common subsequences of the two random words $X_1\cdots X_n$ and $Y_1\cdots Y_n$. Under a lower bound assumption on the order of its variance, $LC_n$ is shown to satisfy a central limit theorem. This is in contrast to the limiting distribution of the length of the longest common subsequences in two independent uniform random permutations of $\{1, \dots, n\}…
We investigate the asymptotic standard deviation of the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) of two independent i.i.d. sequences of length n. The first sequence is drawn from a three letter alphabet {0,1,a}, whilst the second sequence is binary. The main result of this article is that in this asymmetric case, the standard deviation of the length of the LCS is of order square root of n. This confirms Waterman's conjecture for this special case. Our result seems to indicate that in many other situations the order of the standard deviation is also square root of n.
The nature of the alignment with gaps corresponding to a longest common subsequence (LCS) of two independent iid random sequences drawn from a finite alphabet is investigated. It is shown that such an optimal alignment typically matches pieces of similar short-length. This is of importance in understanding the structure of optimal alignments of two sequences. Moreover, it is also shown that any property, common to two subsequences, typically holds in most parts of the optimal alignment whenever this same property holds, with high probability, for strings of similar short-length. Our results sh…
Given two {0,1}-sequences X and Y of lengths m and n, respectively, we write L(X,Y) to denote the length of the longest common subsequence (LCS) of X and Y, and write L(m,n) to denote the expected value of L(X,Y) when X and Y are random sequences. We study the value of the function z -> lim L(nz,n)/n (as n -> infinity) and the relation of this function to the outstanding problem of computing the Chvatal-Sankoff constant lim L(n,n)/n.
Introduced by Mallows in statistical ranking theory, Mallows permutation model is a class of non-uniform probability measures on the symmetric group $S_n$ that depend on a distance metric $d(σ,τ)$ on $S_n$ and a scale parameter $β$. Taking the distance metric to be the $L^1$ and $L^2$ distances--which are respectively known as Spearman's footrule and Spearman's rank correlation in the statistics literature--leads to Mallows permutation models with $L^1$ and $L^2$ distances. In this paper, we study the length of the longest increasing subsequence of random permutations drawn from Mallows permut…
Connections between longest increasing subsequences in random permutations and eigenvalues of random matrices with complex entries have been intensely studied. This note applies properties of random elements of the finite general linear group to obtain results about the longest increasing subsequence in non- uniform random permutations.
We study the length of the longest increasing and longest decreasing subsequences of random permutations drawn from the Mallows measure. Under this measure, the probability of a permutation pi in S_n is proportional to q^{inv(pi)} where q is a real parameter and inv(pi) is the number of inversions in pi. The case q=1 corresponds to uniformly random permutations. The Mallows measure was introduced by Mallows in connection with ranking problems in statistics. We determine the typical order of magnitude of the lengths of the longest increasing and decreasing subsequences, as well as large deviati…
The problem of finding the longest common subsequence (LCS) for a set of sequences is a very interesting and challenging problem in computer science. This problem is NP-complete, but because of its importance, many heuristic algorithms have been proposed, such as Long Run algorithm and Expansion algorithm. However, the performance of many current heuristic algorithms deteriorates fast when the number of sequences and sequence length increase. In this paper, we have proposed a post process heuristic algorithm for the LCS problem, the Deposition and Extension algorithm (DEA). This algorithm firs…
We define and study the Plancherel-Hecke probability measure on Young diagrams; the Hecke algorithm of [Buch-Kresch-Shimozono-Tamvakis-Yong '06] is interpreted as a polynomial-time exact sampling algorithm for this measure. Using the results of [Thomas-Yong '07] on jeu de taquin for increasing tableaux, a symmetry property of the Hecke algorithm is proved, in terms of longest strictly increasing/decreasing subsequences of words. This parallels classical theorems of [Schensted '61] and of [Knuth '70], respectively, on the Schensted and Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithms. We investigate, and co…
It has been conjectured by W. Chen that the distribution of the length of the longest increasing subsequence in a uniformly random permutation is log-concave. We propose a stronger version of this conjecture which involves the Kronecker coefficients of the symmetric group.
We are interested in the statistics of the length of the longest increasing subsequence of 2-rowed lexicographically sorted arrays chosen according to distinct families of distributions D = (D_n)_n, and when n goes to infinity. This framework encompasses well studied problems such as the so called Longest Increasing Subsequence problem, the Longest Common Subsequence problem, problems concerning directed bond percolation models, among others. We define several natural families of distinct distributions and characterize the asymptotic behavior of the expected length of a longest increasing subs…
The problem of the fluctuation of the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) of two i.i.d. sequences of length $n>0$ has been open for decades. There exist contradicting conjectures on the topic. Chvatal and Sankoff conjectured in 1975 that asymptotically the order should be $n^{2/3}$, while Waterman conjectured in 1994 that asymptotically the order should be $n$. A contiguous substring consisting only of one type of symbol is called a block. In the present work, we determine the order of the fluctuation of the LCS for a special model of sequences consisting of i.i.d. blocks whose lengths are unifor…
A repetition free Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) of two sequences x and y is an LCS of x and y where each symbol may appear at most once. Let R denote the length of a repetition free LCS of two sequences of n symbols each one chosen randomly, uniformly, and independently over a k-ary alphabet. We study the asymptotic, in n and k, behavior of R and establish that there are three distinct regimes, depending on the relative speed of growth of n and k. For each regime we establish the limiting behavior of R. In fact, we do more, since we actually establish tail bounds for large deviations of R f…
We revisit staircases for words and prove several exact as well as asymptotic results for longest left-most staircase subsequences and subwords and staircase separation number, the latter being defined as the number of consecutive maximal staircase subwords packed in a word. We study asymptotic properties of the sequence $h_{r,k}(n),$ the number of $n$-array words with $r$ separations over alphabet $[k]$ and show that for any $r\geq 0,$ the growth sequence $\big(h_{r,k}(n)\big)^{1/n}$ converges to a characterized limit, independent of $r.$ In addition, we study the asymptotic behavior of the r…
This paper is part of the ongoing effort to study high-dimensional permutations. We prove the analogue to the Erdős-Szekeres theorem: For every $k\ge1$, every order-$n$ $k$-dimensional permutation contains a monotone subsequence of length $Ω_{k}\left(\sqrt{n}\right)$, and this is tight. On the other hand, and unlike the classical case, the longest monotone subsequence in a random $k$-dimensional permutation of order $n$ is asymptotically almost surely $Θ_{k}\left(n^{\frac{k}{k+1}}\right)$.
We give a bijective proof of Macdonald's reduced word identity using pipe dreams and Little's bumping algorithm. This proof extends to a principal specialization due to Fomin and Stanley. Such a proof has been sought for over 20 years. Our bijective tools also allow us to solve a problem posed by Fomin and Kirillov from 1997 using work of Wachs, Lenart, Serrano and Stump. These results extend earlier work by the third author on a Markov process for reduced words of the longest permutation.
Consider two independent random strings having same length and taking values uniformly in a common finite alphabet. We study the order of the variance of the length of the longest common subsequences (LCS) of these strings when long blocks, or other types of atypical substrings, are sparsely added into one of them. Under weak conditions on the derivative of the mean LCS-curve, the order of the variance of the LCS is shown to be linear in the length of the strings. We also argue that our proofs carry over to many models used by computational biologists to simulate DNA-sequences. This is the fir…
We consider the distributions of the lengths of the longest weakly increasing and strongly decreasing subsequences in words of length N from an alphabet of k letters. We find Toeplitz determinant representations for the exponential generating functions (on N) of these distribution functions and show that they are expressible in terms of solutions of Painlevé V equations. We show further that in the weakly increasing case the generating function gives the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue in the k x k Laguerre random matrix ensemble and that the distribution itself has, after centering an…
The authors consider the length, $l_N$, of the length of the longest increasing subsequence of a random permutation of $N$ numbers. The main result in this paper is a proof that the distribution function for $l_N$, suitably centered and scaled, converges to the Tracy-Widom distribution [TW1] of the largest eigenvalue of a random GUE matrix. The authors also prove convergence of moments. The proof is based on the steepest decent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems, introduced by Deift and Zhou in 1993 [DZ1] in the context of integrable systems. The applicability of the Riemann-Hilbert technique…
H. Friedman obtained remarkable results about the longest finite sequence $x$ such that for all $i \not= j$ the word $x[i..2i]$ is not a subsequence of $x[j..2j]$. In this note we consider what happens when ``subsequence'' is replaced by ``subword''.
We study the shape of the Young diagram λassociated via the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithm to a random permutation in S_n such that the length of the longest decreasing subsequence is not bigger than a fixed number d; in other words we study the restriction of the Plancherel measure to Young diagrams with at most d rows. We prove that in the limit n\to\infty the rows of λbehave like the eigenvalues of a certain random matrix (traceless Gaussian Unitary Ensemble) with d rows and columns. In particular, the length of the longest increasing subsequence of such a random permutation behaves asy…
