By using the quantum hydrodynamic and Maxwell equations, we derive nonlinear electron-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Hall-MHD, and dust Hall-MHD equations for dense quantum magnetoplasmas. The nonlinear equations include the electromagnetic, the electron pressure gradient, as well as the quantum electron tunneling and electron spin forces. They are useful for investigating a number of wave phenomena including linear and nonlinear electromagnetic waves, as well as three-dimensional electromagnetic wave turbulence spectra arising from the mode coupling processes in dense magnetoplasmas.
The spectrum of electromagnetic waves propagating in a strongly coupled magnetized fully ionized hydrogen plasma is found. The ion motion and damping being neglected, the influence of the Coulomb coupling on the electromagnetic spectrum is analyzed.
The power of second harmonic electromagnetic emission is calculated for the case when strong plasma turbulence is excited by a powerful electron beam in a magnetized plasma. It is shown that the simple analytical model of strong plasma turbulence with the assumption of a constant pump power is able to explain experimentally observed bursts of electromagnetic radiation as a consequence of separate collapse events. It is also found that the electromagnetic emission power calculated for three-wave interaction processes occurring in the long-wavelength part of turbulent spectrum is in order-of-mag…
Generation of wake fields by a short electromagnetic pulse in a plasma with an inhomogeneous background magnetic field and density profile is considered, and a wave equation is derived. Transmission and reflection coefficients are calculated in a medium with sharp discontinuities. Particular attention is focused on examples where the longitudinal part of the electromagnetic field is amplified for the transmitted wave. Furthermore, it is noted that the wake field can propagate out of the plasma and thereby provide information about the electron density profile. A method for reconstructing the b…
The excitation of electrostatic waves in plasma by laser electromagnetic pulse is important as it provides a scheme by which the power from the laser electromagnetic (EM) field can be transferred into the plasma medium. The paper presents a fundamentally new ponderomotive pressure-driven mechanism of excitation of electrostatic waves in an overdense magnetized plasma by a finite laser pulse. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations using the EPOCH-4.17.10 framework have been utilized for the study of a finite laser pulse interacting with a magnetized overdense plasma medium. The external magnetic fi…
We present a new model for simulating the electromagnetic fluctuations with frequencies much lower than the ion cyclotron frequency in plasmas confined in general magnetic configurations. This novel model (termed as GK-E&B) employs nonlinear gyrokinetic equations formulated in terms of electromagnetic fields along with momentum balance equations for solving fields. It, thus, not only includes kinetic effects, such as wave-particle interaction and microscopic (ion Larmor radius scale) physics; but also is computationally more efficient than the conventional formulation described in terms of pot…
The dispersion properties of elliptically polarized electromagnetic (EM) waves in a magnetized electron-positron-pair (EP-pair) plasma are studied with the effects of particle dispersion associated with the Bohm potential, the Fermi degenerate pressure, and the exchange-correlation force. Two possible modes of the extraordinary or X wave, modified by these quantum effects, are identified and their propagation characteristics are investigated numerically. It is shown that the upper-hybrid frequency, and the cutoff and resonance frequencies are no longer constants but are dispersive due to these…
The propagation of surface electromagnetic waves along a uniform magnetic field is studied in a quantum electron-hole semiconductor plasma. A new forward propagating mode, not reported before, is found by the effect of quantum tunneling, which otherwise does not exist. In the classical limit ($\hbar\rightarrow 0$) one of the low-frequency modes is found similar to an experimentally observed one in $n$-type InSb at room temperature. The surface modes are shown to be significantly modified in the case of high-conductivity semiconductor plasmas where electrons and holes may be degenerate. The eff…
In natural and laboratory magnetized plasmas, an equilibrium electric field may exist perpendicular to the background magnetic field. In such a situation all the plasma species experience a common drift and the unperturbed distribution functions have a common shift in velocity space. In this work the susceptibility tensor is first derived in the laboratory frame for such a situation using the commonly used method of integration along unperturbed trajectory. Then the Lorentz transformation method is adopted to verify the results. As an application we give an analysis of the waves propagating pa…
The kinetic damping mechanism of low frequency transverse perturbations propagating parallel to the magnetic field in a magnetized warm electron plasma is simulated by means of electromagnetic (EM) Vlasov simulations. The short-time-scale damping of the electron magnetohydrodynamic whistler perturbations and underlying physics of finite electron temperature effect on its real frequency are recovered rather deterministically, and analyzed. The damping arises from an interplay between a global (prevailing over entire phase-space) and the more familiar resonant-electron-specific kinetic damping m…
Nonlinear propagation of purely stationary large amplitude electromagnetic (EM) solitary waves in a magnetized electron-positron (EP) plasma is studied using a fully relativistic two-fluid hydrodynamic model which accounts for physical regimes of both weakly relativistic $(P\ll nmc^2)$ and ultrarelativistic $(P\gg nmc^2)$ random thermal energies. Here, $P$ is the thermal pressure, $n$ the number density and $m$ the mass of a particle, and $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum. Previous theory in the literature [Phys. Plasmas \textbf{11}, 3078 (2004)] is advanced and generalized by the relativist…
The dielectric permeability tensor for spin polarized plasmas is derived in terms of the spin-1/2 quantum kinetic model in six-dimensional phase space. Expressions for the distribution function and spin distribution function are derived in linear approximations on the path of dielectric permeability tensor derivation. The dielectric permeability tensor is derived the spin-polarized degenerate electron gas. It is also discussed at the finite temperature regime, where the equilibrium distribution function is presented by the spin-polarized Fermi-Dirac distribution. Consideration of the spin-pola…
The electromagnetic modes possibly unstable in strongly magnetized plasmas are identified. The regime where this instability might stand out compared to the incoherent electron-cyclotron radiation is explored. These modes are relevant to the inertial confinement fusion and the gamma ray burst.
A 1D2V open boundary Vlasov-Ampere code has been implemented with the aim of making a detailed investigation of the propagation of finite amplitude electromagnetic disturbances in an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma. The code is being applied to study the propagation of an externally driven electromagnetic signal, localized at one boundary of the integration interval, through a given equilibrium plasma configuration with inhomogeneous plasma density and magnetic field.
A conservative scheme has been formulated and verified for gyrokinetic particle simulations of electromagnetic waves and instabilities in magnetized plasmas. An electron continuity equation derived from drift kinetic equation is used to time advance electron density perturbation by using the perturbed mechanical flow calculated from the parallel vector potential, and the parallel vector potential is solved by using the perturbed canonical flow from the perturbed distribution function. In gyrokinetic particle simulations using this new scheme, shear Alfvén wave dispersion relation in shearless …
We study the equation of state, polarization and radiation properties for nonideal, strongly magnetized plasmas which compose outer envelopes of magnetic neutron stars. Detailed calculations are performed for partially ionized hydrogen atmospheres and for condensed hydrogen or iron surfaces of these stars. This is a companion paper to astro-ph/0511803
In this paper, electromagnetic emissions produced by a beam-plasma system are investigated using particle-in-cell simulations for the particular case when the typical transverse size of both 100 keV electron beam and produced plasma channel is comparable to the radiation wavelength. The interest in this regime of beam-plasma interaction is associated with highly efficient generation of electromagnetic waves near the plasma frequency harmonics that has been recently observed in laboratory experiments on the GOL-3 mirror trap. It has been found that the radiation power only from the vicinity of …
One dimensional Particle-in-cell simulations using OSIRIS-4.0 has been conducted to study the interaction of a laser electromagnetic pulse with an overdense magnetized plasma target. The external magnetic field has been chosen to be directed along the laser propagation direction. This geometry supports the propagation of right (R) and left (L) circularly polarised electromagnetic waves in the plasma. The laser pulse is allowed to propagate inside the plasma when its frequency falls in the pass band of the dispersion curves of L and/or R waves. The strength of the applied external magnetic fiel…
Injecting magnetized plasma with changes in magnetization or injection rate necessitate a time variable magnetic field at the boundary of the simulation box. Naive implementation will lead to electromagnetic precursor waves that can affect the simulation results. The problem is well-known and is described e.g. in Lemebege and Dawson 1987. Since then few papers have attempted to deal with this problem and no standard solution exists. In this research note we suggest that the ad-hoc pulse shape that was used in the paper by Lemebege and Dawson 1987 can be replaces by a standard digital low pass …
Observations of powerful radio waves from neutron star magnetospheres raise the question of how strong waves interact with particles in a strong background magnetic field $B_{bg}$. This problem is examined by solving the particle motion in the wave. Remarkably, waves with amplitudes $E_0>B_{bg}$ pump particle energy via repeating resonance events, quickly reaching the radiation reaction limit. As a result, the wave is scattered with a huge cross section. This fact has implications for models of fast radio bursts and magnetars. Particles accelerated in the wave emit gamma-rays, which can trigge…
Mildly relativistic shocks in magnetized electron-ion plasmas are investigated with 2D kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of unprecedentedly high resolution and large scale for conditions that may be found at internal shocks in blazar cores. Ion-scale effects cause corrugations along the shock surface whose properties somewhat depend on the configuration of the mean perpendicular magnetic field, that is either in or out of the simulation plane. We show that the synchrotron maser instability persists to operate in mildly relativistic shocks in agreement with theoretical predictions and produc…
We study the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in extremely dense exotic systems with very unique properties. These EM waves develop a longitudinal component due to interactions with the medium. Renormalization scheme of QED is used to understand the propagation of EM waves in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The propagation of EM waves in a quantum statistically treatable medium affects the properties of the medium itself. The electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of the medium are modified and influence the related behavior of the medium. All the electromagn…
Electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbed by the magnetized plasma if its frequency equals the cyclotron frequency of plasma electrons. It is demonstrated that absorption can be completely canceled in the presence of a second radiation beam, or even a magnetostatic field of an undulator, resulting in plasma transparency at the cyclotron frequency. This effect is reminiscent of the electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) of the three-level atomic systems, except that it occurs in a completely {\it classical} plasma. Also, because of the complexity of the classical plasma, index of r…
The quantum electrodynamical (QED) short wavelength correction on plasma wave propagation for a non-relativistic quantum plasma is investigated. A general dispersion relation for a thermal multi-component quantum plasma is derived. It is found that the classical dispersion relation for any wave mode can be modified to include quantum and short wavelength QED effects by simple substitutions of the thermal velocity and the plasma frequency. Furthermore, the dispersion relation has been modified to include QED effects of strong magnetic fields. It is found that strong magnetic fields together wit…
The nonlinear propagation of a circularly polarized electromagnetic (CPEM) wave in a strongly magnetized electron-positron-ion plasma is investigated. Two coupled equations describing the interaction between a high-frequency CPEM wave and the low-frequency electrostatic wake field are derived. It is found that the generation of the wake fields depends on the presence of the ion species. The wake field generation in turn leads to de-acceleration and frequency down conversion of the electromagnetic pulse.
Electromagnetic (EM) waves/disturbances are typically the best means to understand and analyze an ionized medium like plasma. However, the propagation of electromagnetic waves with frequency lower than the plasma frequency is prohibited by the freely moving charges of the plasma. In dense plasmas though the plasma frequency can be typically quite high, EM sources at such higher frequency are not easily available. It is, therefore, of interest to seek possibilities wherein a low frequency (lower than the plasma frequency) EM disturbance propagates inside a plasma. This is possible in the contex…
We apply the many-particle quantum hydrodynamics including the Coulomb exchange interaction to magnetized quantum plasmas. We consider a number of wave phenomenon under influence of the Coulomb exchange interaction. Since the Coulomb exchange interaction affects longitudinal and transverse-longitudinal waves we focus our attention to the Langmuir waves, Trivelpiece-Gould waves, ion-acoustic waves in non-isothermal magnetized plasmas, the dispersion of the longitudinal low-frequency ion-acoustic waves and low-frequencies electromagnetic waves at $T_{e}\gg T_{i}$ . We obtained the numerical simu…
Relativistic magnetized shocks are a natural source of coherent emission, offering a plausible radiative mechanism for Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). We present first-principles 3D simulations that provide essential information for the FRB models based on shocks: the emission efficiency, spectrum, and polarization. The simulated shock propagates in an $e^\pm$ plasma with magnetization $σ>1$. The measured fraction of shock energy converted to coherent radiation is $\simeq 10^{-3} \, σ^{-1}$, and the energy-carrying wavenumber of the wave spectrum is $\simeq 4 \,ω_{\rm c}/c$, where $ω_{\rm c}$ is the…
The low frequency, long wavelength electromagnetic waves, viz, shear Alfven wave in quantum electron-positron-ion magneto plasmas, have been examined using quantum magneto hydrodynamic model. In this model, we have considered electrons and positrons are to be magnetized as well as degenerate whereas ions are magnetized but classical. We have also included the effects of exchange correlation terms which appear entirely the dynamic equations of electrons and positrons. The whole treatment is done using multi-fluid model. Our object is to study the shear Alfvén waves propagating in above said sys…
A fluid description for collisionless magnetized plasmas that takes into account the effect of cyclotron resonance has been developed. Following the same approach as the Landau fluid closure, the heat flux components associated with transverse electromagnetic fluctuations are approximated by a linear combination of lower-order moments in wavenumber space. The closure successfully reproduces the linear cyclotron resonance for electromagnetic waves propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field. In the presence of finite temperature anisotropy, the model gives approximately correct predictio…
The heating of ions via lower hybrid waves has been observed in several astrophysical as well as laboratory plasmas. We have conducted Particle-In-Cell simulations to demonstrate absorption of the incident laser pulse at a chosen localized point in the target by manipulating the plasma density profile. We show that a part of the incident laser propagates inside plasma target, when its frequency lies below the lower hybrid resonance frequency. Thereafter, as it experiences a negative density gradient, it approaches the resonance point where its group velocity approaches zero. This is where the …
Nonreciprocal transport of electromagnetic waves within magnetized plasma is a powerful building block towards understanding and exploiting the properties of more general topological systems. Much recent attention has been paid to the theoretical issues of wave interaction within such a medium, but there is a lack of experimental verification that such systems can be viable in a lab or industrial setting. This work provides an experimental proof-of-concept by demonstrating nonreciprocity in a unit component, a microwave plasma circulator. We design an E-plane Y junction plasma circulator opera…
Two kinds of the quantum electrodynamic radiative corrections to electromagnetic interaction and their influence on properties of highly dense quantum plasmas are considered. Linear radiative correction to the Coulomb interaction are considered. Its contribution in the spectrum of the Langmuir waves is presented. The second kind of the radiative corrections is related to nonlinearity of the Maxwell equations for strong electromagnetic field. Its contribution in spectrum of transverse waves of magnetized plasmas is briefly discussed. At consideration of the Langmuir wave spectrum we included ef…
Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of non-thermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theoretical works show that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure (as in our case) is able to induce energy dissipation and allow for shock formation. Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact, through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields which are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock …
Photon Accelerator in Magnetized Electron-Ion Plasma
ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC（极亮基础设施欧洲研究组织 ELI 光束线设施）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST)（量子与辐射科学和技术研究所）；Department of Physics, University of Oxford（牛津大学物理系）；Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学天体物理科学系）；Gerard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan（密歇根大学杰拉德·穆鲁超快光学科学中心）
Magnetized high-energy-density plasmas can often have strong electromagnetic fluctuations whose correlation scale is smaller than the electron Larmor radius. Radiation from the electrons in such plasmas, which markedly differs from both synchrotron and cyclotron radiation, and their energy and pitch-angle diffusion are tightly related. In this paper, we present a comprehensive theoretical and numerical study of the particles' transport in both cold, "small-scale" Langmuir and Whistler-mode turbulence and its relation to the spectra of radiation simultaneously produced by these particles. We em…
We consider wakefield generation in plasmas by electromagnetic pulses propagating perpendicular to a strong magnetic field, in the regime where the electron cyclotron frequency is equal to or larger than the plasma frequency. PIC-simulations reveal that for moderate magnetic field strengths previous results are re-produced, and the wakefield wavenumber spectrum has a clear peak at the inverse skin depth. However, when the cyclotron frequency is significantly larger than the plasma frequency, the wakefield spectrum becomes broad-band, and simultaneously the loss rate of the driving pulse is muc…
The kinetic effects of magnetic fields on the transport of relativistic jet in the intergalactic medium remain uncertain, especially for their perpendicular component. By particle-in-cell simulations, we find that when only jet electrons are fully magnetized, they are directly deflected by the magnetic field, but jet protons are mainly dragged by collective charge-separation electric field. However, when both electrons and protons are fully magnetized, the contrary is the case. Their balance tremendously distorts the jet density and electromagnetic fields, leading to enormous energy exchange b…
A Quantum Walk Inspired Qubit Lattice Algorithm for Simulating Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Scattering in Conservative and Dissipative Magnetized Plasmas
When the nature of a magnetosonic pulse propagating in a bounded magnetized plasma slab is successively transformed from compression to rarefaction and vice-versa upon reflection at a plasma-vacuum interface, both the energy and the longitudinal electromagnetic (EM) momentum of the plasma-pulse system are found to oscillate between two states. Simple analytical models and particle-in-cell simulations show that these oscillations are associated with EM radiation to and from the surrounding magnetized vacuum. For partial reflection supplemental losses in total pulse energy and mechanical momentu…
Velocity distribution functions (VDFs) that exhibit a power-law dependence on the high-energy tail have been the subject of intense research by the plasma physics community. Such functions, known as kappa or superthermal distributions, have been found to provide a better fitting to the VDFs measured by spacecraft in the solar wind. One of the problems that is being addressed on this new light is the temperature anisotropy of solar wind protons and electrons. In the literature, the general treatment for waves excited by (bi-)Maxwellian plasmas is well-established. However, for kappa distributio…
The mechanism of harmonic generation in both O and X-mode configurations for a magnetized plasma has been explored here in detail with the help of Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. A detailed characterization of both the reflected and transmitted electromagnetic radiation propagating in the bulk of the plasma has been carried out for this purpose. The efficiency of harmonic generation is shown to increase with the incident laser intensity. Dependency of harmonic efficiency has also been found on magnetic field strength. This work demonstrates that there is an optimum value of the magnetic fi…
We report on the nonlinear turbulent processes associated with electromagnetic waves in plasmas. We focus on low-frequency (in comparison with the electron gyrofrequency) nonlinearly interacting electron whistlers and nonlinearly interacting Hall-magnetohydrodynamic (H-MHD) fluctuations in a magnetized plasma.
An Electromagnetic (EM) pulse falling on a plasma medium from vacuum can either reflect or propagate inside the plasma depending on whether it is overdense or underdense. In a magnetised plasma, however, there are usually several pass and stop bands for the EM wave depending on the orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the propagation direction. The EM wave while propagating in a plasma can excite electrostatic disturbances in the plasma [1, 2]. In this work Particle - In - Cell simulations have been carried out to illustrate the complete transparency of the EM wave propagation ins…
We present an extension of the multi-moment advection scheme (Minoshima et al., 2011, J. Comput. Phys.) to the three-dimensional case, for full electromagnetic Vlasov simulations of magnetized plasma. The scheme treats not only point values of a profile but also its zeroth to second order piecewise moments as dependent variables, and advances them on the basis of their governing equations. Similar to the two-dimensional scheme, the three-dimensional scheme can accurately solve the solid body rotation problem of a gaussian profile with little numerical dispersion or diffusion. This is a very im…
We are considering a dipole antenna immersed in cold plasma and investigate its radiation patterns. We are solving Maxwell's equations using (1) analytic solutions for the case when the antenna is parallel to the magnetic field $B_0$ and (2) numerical solutions for any orientation and angle $θ$ of the antenna. We investigate various phase velocities regimes as well as the effect of varying the frequency and the plasma parameters on the electromagnetic waves are presented and discussed.
We present a new Vlasov code for collisionless plasmas in the nonrelativistic regime. A Darwin approximation is used for suppressing electromagnetic vacuum modes. The spatial integration is based on an extension of the flux-conservative scheme, introduced by Filbet et al. [J. Comp. Phys. Vol. 172 (2001) 166]. Performance and accuracy is demonstrated by comparing it to a standard finite differences scheme for two test cases, including a Harris sheet magnetic reconnection scenario. This comparison suggests that the presented scheme is a promising alternative to finite difference schemes.
We analyze the electromagnetic field of a small bunch that uniformly moves in a circular waveguide and transverses a boundary between an area filled up with cold magnetized electron plasma and a vacuum area. The magnetic field is supposed to be strong but finite so the perturbation technique can be applied. Two cases are studied in detail: the bunch is flying out of the plasma into a vacuum, and, inversely, the bunch is flying into the plasma out of the vacuum area of waveguide. The investigation of the waveguide mode components is performed analytically with methods of the complex variable fu…
