The inclusive light hadronic decays of 1D_2 heavy quarkonia are studied within the framework of NRQCD at the leading order in $v$ and up to the order of $α_s^3$. With one-loop QCD corrections, the infrared divergences and Coulomb singularities in the decay amplitudes are proved to be absorbed by the renormalization of the matrix elements of corresponding NRQCD operators, and the infrared finite short-distance coefficients are obtained through the matching calculations. By taking the factorization scale to be 2m_Q, the light hadronic decay widths are estimated to be about 274, 4.7, and 8.8 KeV for the $η_{c2}, η_{b2}$, and $η_{b2}'$ respectively. Based on the above estimates, and using the E1 transition width and dipion transition width for the $η_{c2}$ estimated elsewhere, we get the total width of $η_{c2}$ to be about 660-810 KeV, and the branching ratio of the E1 transition $η_{c2}\toγh_c$ to be about (44-54)%, which will be useful in searching for this missing charmonium state through, e.g., the process $η_{c2}\toγh_c$ followed by $h_c\toγη_c$.
I discuss NRQCD and, in particular, the NRQCD factorization formalism for quarkonium production and decay. I also summarize the current status of the comparison between the predictions of NRQCD factorization and experimental measurements.
Most recent calculations of quarkonium production are based on the NRQCD factorization formalism. This formalism is reviewed. To make predictions about specific cross section, universal NRQCD matrix elements need to be extracted from experiments. Extractions from different experimental situations are compared, with some emphasis on the extraction from LEP.
The NRQCD factorization approach for calculating inclusive production of heavy quarkonium gives unambiguous predictions for the polarization of quarkonium states. The factorization formula for polarized states can be obtained by using the threshold expansion method to calculate the short-distance coefficients and then using symmetries of NRQD to reduce the NRQCD matrix elements. A particularly dramatic prediction of the NRQCD factorization framework is that prompt psi's and psi-primes's produced at the Tevatron should be predominantly transversely polarized at large transverse momentum.
I present an introduction to the NRQCD factorization method for calculating annihilation rates and inclusive production rates for heavy quarkonium. Using this method, annihilation decay rates and sufficiently inclusive cross sections are factored into long-distance NRQCD matrix elements and perturbative short-distance coefficients. I derive the velocity-scaling rules that are used to estimate the magnitudes of the nonperturbative NRQCD matrix elements and I describe perturbative matching methods for calculating their short-distance coefficients. Some simple applications for which NRQCD factori…
Some examples of the most recent applications of the NRQCD factorization approach to quarkonium phenomenology are presented. In the first part of the talk the NLO calculations for $\chicj$ and $Υ$ decays rates are compared to the data and the results critically analyzed. In the second part, I show how information on the non-perturbative matrix elements can be extracted from the hadronic fixed-target experiments and eventually used to test their universality.
We complete the leading-log renormalization group scaling of the NRQCD Lagrangian at $O(1/m^2)$. The next-to-next-to-leading-log renormalization group scaling of the potential NRQCD Lagrangian (as far as the singlet is concerned) is also obtained in the situation $mα_s \gg Λ_{QCD}$. As a by-product, we obtain the heavy quarkonium spectrum with the same accuracy in the situation $mα_s^2 \simg Λ_{QCD}$. When $Λ_{QCD} \ll mα_s^2$, this is equivalent to obtain the whole set of $O(mα_s^{(n+4)} \ln^n α_s)$ terms in the heavy quarkonium spectrum. The implications of our results in the non-perturbativ…
Heavy quarkonium production in the framework of the nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics and leading order of the parton Reggeization approach at the Tevatron and LHC Colliders is discussed. The new results, which are reviewed in this report, include the comparison with recent data on chi_{c1,c2} production from ATLAS Collaboration and special discussion of heavy quarkonium polarization issues in the considered framework.
In this talk I briefly review the recent progress in calculation of the high order corrections to the parameters of the nonrelativistic heavy quark-antiquark system in the effective theory approach.
The observation of unpolarized quarkonium production in high energy pp collisions, at mid rapidity, implies a significant violation of the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) velocity scaling rules. A precise experimental confirmation of this picture could definitely rule out the current formulation of the factorization expansion. This conclusion relies on current perturbative determinations of the short-distance kinematic factors and may be reverted if improved calculations would modify, in a very specific way, their transverse momentum dependences. That solution would result, however, in a full deg…
We present a simple method to automatically evaluate arbitrary tree-level amplitudes involving the production or decay of a heavy quark pair QQbar in a generic {2S+1}L_J^[1,8] state, i.e., the short distance coefficients appearing in the NRQCD factorization formalism. Our approach is based on extracting the relevant contributions from the open heavy quark-antiquark amplitudes through an expansion with respect to the quark-antiquark relative momentum and the application of suitable color and spin projectors. To illustrate the capabilities of the method and its implementation in MadGraph a few a…
We demonstrate that the recently proposed soft gluon factorization (SGF) is equivalent to the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization for heavy quarkonium production or decay, which means that for any given process these two factorization theories are either both valid or both violated. We use two methods to achieve this conclusion. In the first method, we apply the two factorization theories to the physical process $J/ψ\to e^+e^-$. Our explicit calculation shows that both SGF and NRQCD can correctly reproduce low energy physics of full QCD, and thus the two factorizations are equivalent. In…
While non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) foresees a variety of elementary quarkonium production mechanisms naturally leading to state-dependent kinematic patterns, the LHC cross sections and polarization measurements reveal a remarkably simple production scenario, independent of the quantum numbers and masses of the quarkonia. Surprisingly, NRQCD is able to accommodate the observed universal scenario, through a series of conspiring cancellations smoothing out its otherwise variegated hierarchy of mechanisms. This seemingly unnatural solution implies that the $χ_{c1}$ and $χ_{c2}$ polarizations, not …
We compare two approaches to evaluate cross sections of heavy-quarkonium production at next-to-leading order in nonrelativistic QCD involving $S$- and $P$-wave Fock states: the customary approach based on phase space slicing and the approach based on dipole subtraction recently elaborated by us. We find reasonable agreement between the numerical results of the two implementations, but the dipole subtraction implementation outperforms the phase space slicing one both with regard to accuracy and speed.
We study the transverse-momentum spectrum of quarkonium production from single light-parton fragmentation mechanism. In the case of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering, we observe that there are two possible initiating processes, namely photon-gluon fusion and light-quark fragmentation. For the second case we derive the factorization theorem, which involves a new hadronic quantity: the quarkonium transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions in NRQCD. We calculate their matching onto the non-perturbative long distance matrix elements at the lowest order in the strong-coupling cons…
In this talk, I start with a brief introduction to Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD) and its applications to quarkonium physics. This theory has provided a consistent framework for the physics of quarkonia, in particular, the colour-octet Fock components predicted by NRQCD have important implications for the phenomenology of charmonium production in experiments. The applications of NRQCD to $J/ψ$ production at Tevatron and the tests of the theory in other experiments is discussed. In particular, the apparent disagreement of NRQCD with results from HERA on inelastic photoproduction of $J/ψ$ is discu…
The next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N^3LO) Hamiltonian of potential nonrelativistic QCD is derived. The complete matching of the Hamiltonian and the contribution from the ultrasoft dynamical gluons relevant for perturbative bound-state calculations is performed including one-, two-, and three-loop contributions. The threshold expansion is used to disentangle and match contributions of different scales in the effective-theory calculations. As a physical application, the heavy-quarkonium spectrum is obtained at N^3LO for the case of vanishing QCD beta function. Our results set the stage f…
In a typical exclusive quarkonium production process, when the center-of-mass energy, $\sqrt{s}$, is much greater than the heavy quark mass $m$, large kinematic logarithms of $s/m^2$ will unavoidably arise at each order of perturbative expansion in the short-distance coefficients of the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization formalism, which may potentially harm the perturbative expansion. This symptom reflects that the hard regime in NRQCD factorization is too coarse and should be further factorized. We suggest that this regime can be further separated into "hard" and "collinear" degrees o…
We extend the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) prediction for the production of heavy quarkonium with low transverse momentum in hadronic collisions by taking into account effects from all order soft gluon resummation. Following the Collins-Soper-Sterman formalism, we resum the most singular terms in the partonic subprocesses. The theoretical predictions of $J/ψ$ and $Υ$ productions are compared to the experimental data from the fixed target experiments (E866) and the collider experiments (RHIC, Tevatron, LHC). The associated non-perturbative Sudakov form factor for the gluon distributions is foun…
Recently we have proved color octet NRQCD factorization of S-wave heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant at high energy colliders in Eur. Phys. J. C76 (2016) 448. In this paper we extend this to prove color octet NRQCD factorization of P-wave heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant at high energy colliders. We find that while the color octet NRQCD S-wave non-perturbative matrix element contains two gauge-links in the adjoint representation of SU(3), the color octet NRQCD P-wave non-perturbative matrix element contains four gauge-links in the funda…
In last decades, it has been realized that the next-to-leading order corrections may become very important, and sometimes requisite, for some processes involving quarkoinum production or decay, e.g., $e^+e^- \to J/ψ+ η_c$ and $J/ψ\to 3γ$. In this article, we review some basic steps to perform automated one-loop computations in quarkonium process within the Non-relativistic Quantum Chromodynamics (NRQCD) factorization framework, and we give an introduction to some related public tools or packages and their usages in each step. We start from generating Feynman diagrams and amplitudes with \texts…
We compute in order alpha_s the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) short-distance coefficients that match quark-antiquark operators of all orders in the heavy-quark velocity v to the electromagnetic current. We employ a new method to compute the one-loop NRQCD contribution to the matching condition. The new method uses full-QCD expressions as a starting point to obtain the NRQCD contribution, thus greatly streamlining the calculation. Our results show that, under a mild constraint on the NRQCD operator matrix elements, the NRQCD velocity expansion for the quark-antiquark-operator contributions to the…
Within an effective field theory framework we study heavy-quark--antiquark systems with a typical distance between the heavy quark and the antiquark smaller than $1/Λ_{\rm QCD}$. A suitable definition of the potential is given within this framework, while non-potential (retardation) effects are taken into account in a systematic way. We explore different physical systems. Model-independent results on the short distance behavior of the energies of the gluonic excitations between static quarks are obtained. Finally, we show how infrared renormalons affecting the static potential get cancelled in…
The approach of nonrelativistic QCD(NRQCD) factorization was proposed to study inclusive production of a quarkonium. It is widely used and successful. However, a recent study of gluon fragmentation into a quarkonium at two-loop level shows that the factorization is broken. It is suggested that the color-octet NRQCD matrix elements should be modified by adding a gauge link to restore the factorization. The modified matrix elements may have extra soft-divergences at one-loop level which the unmodified can not have, and this can lead to a violation of the universality of these matrix elements. In…
I summarize the current status of the comparison between experiment and the predictions of the NRQCD factorization approach to quarkonium decay and production. I also present the results of some recent calculations and theoretical developments in the NRQCD factorization approach.
Recent developments in heavy quarknoium physics are reviewed in brief, including (i) nonrelativistic QCD(NRQCD), (ii) the importance of color-octet $(Q\bar{Q})$ components in the decay and the production of a physical heavy quarkonium state, (iii) limitation of the NRQCD factorization and (iv) the double humps in the $ππ$ spectrum in the decay $Υ(3S) \to Υ(1S) ππ$.
Study of the polarized heavy quarkonium production in recently proposed QCD factorization formalism requires knowledge of a large number of input fragmentation functions (FFs) from a single parton or a heavy quark-antiquark pair to a polarized heavy quarkonium. In this paper, we calculate these FFs at the input scale in terms of nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization. We derive all relevant polarized NRQCD long-distance matrix elements based symmetries and propose a self-consistent scheme to define them in arbitrary $d$ dimensions. We then calculate polarized input FFs contributed from all …
We discuss factorization in heavy quarkonium production in high energy collisions using NRQCD. Infrared divergences at NNLO are not matched by conventional NRQCD matrix elements. However, we show that gauge invariance and factorization require that conventional NRQCD production matrix elements be modified to include Wilson lines or non-abelian gauge links. With this modification NRQCD factorization for heavy quarkonium production is restored at NNLO.
In this talk I review NRQCD predictions for the production of charmonium at the Tevatron. After a quick presentation of the NRQCD factorization formalism for production and decay I review some old results and discuss how they compare to recent data. Following this I discuss some recent work done with Adam Leibovich and Ira Rothstein.
Recently we have proved NRQCD color octet factorization of S-wave and P-wave heavy quarkonia production at all orders in coupling constant in QCD in vacuum at high energy colliders in Eur. Phys. J. C76 (2016) 448 and in arXiv:1807.04722 [hep-ph] respectively. In this paper we extend this to prove NRQCD color octet factorization of P-wave heavy quarkonium production in non-equilibrium QCD at RHIC and LHC at all orders in coupling constant. This proof is necessary to study the quark-gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.
We discuss heavy quarkonium production through parton fragmentation, including a review of arguments for the factorization of high-p_T particles into fragmentation functions for hadronic initial states. We investigate the further factorization of fragmentation functions in the NRQCD formalism, and argue that this requires a modification of NRQCD octet production matrix elements to include nonabelian phases, which makes them gauge invariant. We describe the calculation of uncanceled infrared divergences in fragmentation functions that must be factorized at NNLO, and verify that they are absorbe…
We compare the color-evaporation model (CEM) and nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization predictions for inclusive quarkonium production. Using the NRQCD factorization formulas for quarkonium production and for perturbative QQ-bar production, we deduce relationships that are implied by the CEM between the nonperturbative NRQCD matrix elements that appear in the factorization formula for quarkonium production. These relationships are at odds with the phenomenological values of the matrix elements that have been extracted from the Tevatron data for charmonium production at large transverse mom…
Recently the proof of factorization in heavy quarkonium production in NRQCD color octet mechanism is given at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in coupling constant by using diagrammatic method of QCD. In this paper we prove factorization in heavy quarkonium production in NRQCD color octet mechanism at all order in coupling constant by using path integral method of QCD. Our proof is valid to all powers in the heavy quark relative velocity. We find that the gauge invariance and the factorization at all order in coupling constant require gauge-completed non-perturbative NRQCD matrix elements …
Recent advances in lattice and continuum QCD have given us new insights into quarkonium physics. These set of lectures are intend for the uninitiated. We first give a physical picture of quarkonium and describe the hybrids states established in lattice QCD. Then we give an unorthodox presentation of Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD) including a novel method for the application of spin-symmetries. Finally we describe the prototypical application of NRQCD: cancellation of infrared divergences in decays of P-wave quarkonia.
We briefly summarize some results obtained by potential NRQCD in the non perturbative regime: 1) a systematic procedure to obtain the heavy quarkonium potential in the 1/m expansion (with explicit expressions up to O(1/m^2) in terms of Wilson loops), and 2) a description of the heavy quarkonium inclusive decays to light particles, and of the NRQCD matrix elements (also the octet ones), in terms of the wave-function at the origen and some gluonic field-strength correlators.
We study the transition of a heavy quark pair from octet to singlet color configurations at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in heavy quarkonium production. We show that the infrared singularities in this process are consistent with NRQCD factorization to all orders in the heavy quark relative velocity v. This factorization requires the gauge-completed matrix elements that we introduced previously to prove NNLO factorization to order v ^2.
We calculate the $D$-wave heavy quarkonium production at fixed target experiments under the NRQCD factorization formalism. We find that the color octet contributions are two orders of magnitude larger than color-singlet contributions if color-octet matrix elements are taken according to the NRQCD velocity scaling rules. Within the theoretical uncertainties, the prediction for the production rate of $2^{--}$ $D$-wave charmonium state agrees with the preliminary result of E705 and other experiments. Searching for the $1^{--}$ $D$-wave state $ψ(3770)$ is further suggested.
Within the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization framework, we compute the order-$α_s^3$ perturbative corrections to the leptonic decay of the $Υ$ and $J/ψ$ with high numerical accuracy, at the lowest order in velocity expansion. We confirm the existing three-loop results in literature. Furthermore, we explicitly consider the complex-valued light-by-light (singlet) contributions. We for the first time also consider the finite charm quark mass effect for $Υ$ leptonic decay, and obtain a new piece of 3-loop contribution to the anomalous dimension related to the composite NRQCD bilinear of ve…
Based on the factorization formalism of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD), we calculate the production cross section for the charmonium and the bottomonium produced by the hard photoproduction processes and fragmentation processes in relativistic heavy ion collisions. It is shown that the existing experimental data on heavy quarkonium production at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can be described in the framework of the NRQCD formalism, and the phenomenological values of matrix elements for color-singlet and color-octet components give the main contribution. The numerical results …
We discuss the theory of inclusive production of heavy quarkonium, the comparison between theory and experiment, and the expected nuclear effects in cold nuclear targets. We also present predictions, based on Nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD), for quarkonium production cross sections in the LHC energy range. We find that nuclear effects in the production cross sections are largely independent of the sizes of the NRQCD matrix elements, the charmonium state that is produced and, in the color-octet case, largely independent of the partonic subprocess that produces the heavy quark-antiquark pair.
In the NRQCD factorization for productions and decays of a quakonium the difference between the quarkonium mass and the twice of the heavy quark mass is neglected at the leading order of the small velocity expansion. The effect of this difference is included in the relativistic correction. We attempt to define the difference in terms of NRQCD matrix elements and to separate the effect of the difference in several decays. It turns out that the total relativistic correcttion can be estimated by the difference. Numerically the correction will enhance the decay widths considered here.
We investigate the inclusive production of prompt J/psi mesons in polarized hadron-hadron and photon-hadron collisions in the factorization formalism of NRQCD. Numerical results are presented for BNL RHIC-Spin and the approved SLAC fixed-target experiment E161 to assess the feasibility to access the spin-dependent parton distributions in the polarized proton and photon. We point out that data on J/psi production taken by the PHENIX Collaboration in unpolarized proton-proton collisions at RHIC tend to favor the NRQCD factorization hypothesis, while they significantly overshoot the theoretical p…
We compute the complete imaginary part of the NRQCD Lagrangian at order 1/M^4 in the heavy-quark mass expansion, which includes center of mass operators, and at order alpha_s^2 in the matching coefficients. We also compute the imaginary part of the NRQCD Lagrangian at order 1/M^6 and at order alpha_s^2 that contributes to the S-wave and P-wave inclusive decay widths of heavy quarkonium into light hadrons at order v^7 in the heavy-quark velocity expansion. If we count alpha_s(M) ~ v^2, the calculation provides the complete next-to-leading order corrections to the P-wave hadronic widths, and in …
We present the final results from a multi-year study of the in-medium spectral properties of heavy quarkonium bound states on the lattice. In this work we combine high statistics $N_f=2+1$ ensembles from the HotQCD collaboration with the effective theory NRQCD and improved Bayesian spectral reconstruction methods. We corroborate with high precision the hierarchical in-medium modification of quarkonium states with respect to their vacuum binding energy and provide updated values on melting temperatures. In particular we are able to understand previous disagreements between different Bayesian me…
I compute the leading color-octet contributions to the process $γ+ p \to J/ψ+ γ(+ X)$ within the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization formalism. In the color-singlet model, $J/ψ+ γ$ can only be produced when the photon interacts through its structure function, while the color-octet mechanism allows for production of $J/ψ+ γ$ via direct photon-gluon fusion. Resolved photon processes can be easily be distinguished from direct photon processes by examining the fraction of the incident photon energy carried away by the $J/ψ$ in the event. Therefore, this process provides a conclusive test of…
We present two methods for computing dimensionally-regulated NRQCD heavy-quarkonium matrix elements that are related to the second derivative of the heavy-quarkonium wave function at the origin. The first method makes use of a hard-cutoff regulator as an intermediate step and requires knowledge only of the heavy-quarkonium wave function. It involves a significant cancellation that is an obstacle to achieving high numerical accuracy. The second method is more direct and yields a result that is identical to the Gremm-Kapustin relation, but it is limited to use in potential models. It can be gene…
We compute the relativistic corrections to the color-singlet contribution to gluon fragmentation into a J/psi at relative order v^4, making use of the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization approach. The corresponding full-QCD process exhibits infrared divergences that manifest themselves as single and double poles in epsilon in 4-2epsilon dimensions. We isolate the infrared-divergent contributions and treat them analytically. In the matching of full QCD to NRQCD, the pole contributions are absorbed into long-distance NRQCD matrix elements. The renormalizations of the ultraviolet divergence…
The widely used nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization theory now encounters some notable difficulties in describing quarkonium production. This may be due to the inadequate treatment of soft hadrons emitted in the hadronization process, which causes bad convergence of velocity expansion in NRQCD. In this paper, starting from QCD we propose a rigorously defined factorization approach, soft gluon factorization (SGF), to better deal with the effects of soft hadrons. After a careful velocity expansion, the SGF can be as simple as the NRQCD factorization in phenomenological studies, but has a m…
NRQCD results for Upsilon and Charmonium using both dynamical and quenched configurations are presented. We investigate dependence on the light dynamical quark mass. Preliminary dynamical ($n_f = 2$) Charmonium data are combined with quenched results to extract the strong coupling constant $α_P^{(n_f)}$ for the physical number of light dynamical quarks, $n_f = 3$. Good agreement is found with calculations based on the Upsilon system. We show that a discrepancy in $α_P^{(n_f=0)}$, found between the Upsilon and Charmonium systems in the quenched theory, disappears upon extrapolating to the physi…
We show that when the factorized cross section for heavy quarkonium production includes next-to-leading power (NLP) contributions associated with the production of the heavy quark pair at short distances, it naturally reproduces all high $p_T$ results calculated in non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization. This extended formalism requires fragmentation functions for heavy quark pairs, as well as for light partons. When these fragmentation functions are themselves calculated using NRQCD, we find that two of the four leading NRQCD production channels, ${^3\hspace{-0.6mm}S_{1}^{[1]}}$ and ${^1\…
The inclusive $J/Ψ$, $Ψ(2S)$ and $Υ(1S)$ direct and resolved photoproduction are investigated by including the quark subprocesses in the framework of non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD). We find that the theoretical total cross section of heavy quarkonium productions are in good agreement with the data available at HERA, once the $γq$, $qg$ and $qq$ subprocesses in the heavy quark pair productions are taken into account. The inclusive diffractive rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of $J/Ψ$, $Ψ(2S)$ and $Υ(1S)$ in $pp$, $pPb$ and $PbPb$ collisions at LHC are also studied…
Recently, a new perturbative QCD factorization formalism for heavy quarkonium production at a large transverse momentum was proposed. Phenomenological application of this new approach relies on our knowledge of a large number of universal fragmentation functions (FFs) at an input factorization scale $μ_0\gtrsim 2m_Q$ with heavy quark mass $m_Q$, which are nonperturbative, and in principle, should be extracted from data. With heavy quark mass $m_Q\gg Λ_{\rm QCD}$, we calculate these input FFs in terms of non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization. In a companion paper, we calculated these input…
An introduction to the recent developments in perturbative heavy quarkonium physics is given. Covered are the effective theories NRQCD, pNRQCD and vNRQCD, the threshold expansion, the role of renormalons, and applications to bottom and top quark physics.
Recently we have proved the NRQCD factorization in heavy quarkonium production at high energy colliders at all orders in coupling constant. In this paper we extend this to non-equilibrium QCD and prove the NRQCD factorization in heavy quarkonium production at all orders in coupling constant in non-equilibrium QCD. This proof is necessary to study heavy quarkonium production from quark gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.
We analyze the recent LHCb measurement of the distribution of the fraction of the transverse momentum, $z(J/ψ)$, carried by the $J/ψ$ within a jet. LHCb data is compared to analytic calculations using the fragmenting jet function (FJF) formalism for studying $J/ψ$ in jets. Logarithms in the FJFs are resummed using DGLAP evolution. We also convolve hard QCD partonic cross sections, showered with PYTHIA, with leading order Non Relativistic Quantum Chromodynamics (NRQCD) fragmentation functions and obtain consistent results. Both approaches use Madgraph to calculate the hard process that creates …
