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arXiv 0903.2479astro-ph.COastro-ph.GA
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紧凑高红移星系是当今最大质量球体的核心

Compact High-Redshift Galaxies Are the Cores of the Most Massive Present-Day Spheroids

Philip F. Hopkins, Kevin Bundy, Norman Murray, Eliot Quataert, Tod Lauer, Chung-Pei Ma

摘要:

观测表明,高z质量球状体的有效半径比质量相当的低z星系小约6倍。由于明显缺乏低z对应物,这通常被解释为表明高密度,紧凑的红星系必须通过某种机制“膨胀”。我们比较合奏的高Z观测与大样本的低Z椭圆。在相同的物理半径下,低z和高z系统的恒星表面质量密度是相当的。此外,在低红移处的高表面密度材料的丰度与在z>1-2处观察到的相当或更大,这与在这段时间内球状体的连续积累一致。整个致密的高z红色星系群可能是现今椭圆星系高密度核心的祖先,恒星密度不需要从z=2降低到z=0。因此,低z和高z系统之间的主要区别是在低z球体中观察到的大半径低密度物质(而不是高z球体中的高密度物质)。这样的低密度材料可以(1)在z<2处组装,或者(2)在z>2处存在但尚未检测到。对低z质量系统的模拟观测表明,高z观测还没有探测到足够低的表面亮度材料来探测低表面密度的“翅膀”(如果存在的话)。因此,如果高z星系类似于今天最大的系统,那么它们的有效半径可能会被低估2-4倍。这种差异的出现是因为在低红移的大质量系统不能很好地拟合单一的Sersic轮廓。我们讨论了我们的研究结果的星系演化的物理模型的影响。

英文摘要:

Observations suggest that effective radii of high-z massive spheroids are as much as a factor ~6 smaller than low-z galaxies of comparable mass. Given the apparent absence of low-z counterparts, this has often been interpreted as indicating that the high density, compact red galaxies must be 'puffed up' by some mechanism. We compare the ensemble of high-z observations with large samples of well-observed low-z ellipticals. At the same physical radii, the stellar surface mass densities of low and high-z systems are comparable. Moreover, the abundance of high surface density material at low redshift is comparable to or larger than that observed at z>1-2, consistent with the continuous buildup of spheroids over this time. The entire population of compact, high-z red galaxies may be the progenitors of the high-density cores of present-day ellipticals, with no need for a decrease in stellar density from z=2 to z=0. The primary difference between low and high-z systems is thus the observed low-density material at large radii in low-z spheroids (rather than the high-density material in high-z spheroids). Such low-density material may either (1) assemble at z<2 or (2) be present, but not yet detected, at z>2. Mock observations of low-z massive systems show that the high-z observations do not yet probe sufficiently low surface brightness material to detect the low surface density 'wings' (if present). Thus, if the high-z galaxies resemble the most massive systems today, their inferred effective radii could be under-estimated by factors ~2-4. This difference arises because massive systems at low redshift are not well-fit by single Sersic profiles. We discuss implications of our results for physical models of galaxy evolution.

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