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arXiv 0901.2458astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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高红移大质量星系团的形成:冷流、星系团和致密球

Formation of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift: Cold Streams, Clumpy Disks and Compact Spheroids

Avishai Dekel, Re'em Sari, Daniel Ceverino

摘要:

我们提出了一个简单的理论框架,在高红移,那里的主要组件和恒星形成发生的大规模星系,并报告的第一个宇宙学模拟,揭示了clujerk磁盘与我们的分析一致。这种演化是由光滑冷流和凝块冷流之间的相互作用、盘的不稳定性和隆起的形成所控制的。强烈的、相对平滑的气流维持着一个不稳定的致密的富含气体的盘。高度湍流和巨大团块的不稳定性,每一个都是盘质量的百分之几,是由盘内的引力相互作用自我调节的。团块在~10个动力学时间内迁移到凸起,或~0.5Gyr。宇宙流补充了正在流失的圆盘,并在稳定状态下将星系团阶段延长到几个千兆亿年,在圆盘半径内的圆盘,凸起和暗物质中具有可比的质量。这些团块以密集的子团块形式形成恒星,其整体吸积速率约为100 Msun/yr,每个团块在约0.5 Gyr内转化为恒星。当团块耗散地聚结成一个紧凑的凸起时,恒星形成盘被扩展,因为进入的气流保持外盘的密度,容易受到不稳定性的影响,并且因为角动量传输。被动球状体为主的星系形成时,流更clusively:外部团块合并成一个巨大的隆起和搅拌盘湍流,稳定磁盘和抑制原位团块和恒星的形成。我们用z~3预测了星系类型的双峰性,包括巨丛恒星形成盘和恒星形成被抑制的球状支配星系。在z~1之后,盘趋于由占主导地位的恒星盘和凸起稳定。大多数高z质量盘很可能最终成为今天的早期星系。

英文摘要:

We present a simple theoretical framework for massive galaxies at high redshift, where the main assembly and star formation occurred, and report on the first cosmological simulations that reveal clumpy disks consistent with our analysis. The evolution is governed by the interplay between smooth and clumpy cold streams, disk instability, and bulge formation. Intense, relatively smooth streams maintain an unstable dense gas-rich disk. Instability with high turbulence and giant clumps, each a few percent of the disk mass, is self-regulated by gravitational interactions within the disk. The clumps migrate into a bulge in ~10 dynamical times, or ~0.5Gyr. The cosmological streams replenish the draining disk and prolong the clumpy phase to several Gigayears in a steady state, with comparable masses in disk, bulge, and dark matter within the disk radius. The clumps form stars in dense subclumps following the overall accretion rate, ~100 Msun/yr, and each clump converts into stars in ~0.5 Gyr. While the clumps coalesce dissipatively to a compact bulge, the star-forming disk is extended because the incoming streams keep the outer disk dense and susceptible to instability and because of angular momentum transport. Passive spheroid-dominated galaxies form when the streams are more clumpy: the external clumps merge into a massive bulge and stir up disk turbulence that stabilize the disk and suppress in situ clump and star formation. We predict a bimodality in galaxy type by z~3, involving giant-clump star-forming disks and spheroid-dominated galaxies of suppressed star formation. After z~1, the disks tend to be stabilized by the dominant stellar disks and bulges. Most of the high-z massive disks are likely to end up as today's early-type galaxies.

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