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arXiv 0902.3906q-bio.PEcond-mat.stat-mech
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种-面积关系中的形态-速率依赖性

Speciation-rate dependence in species-area relationships

Simone Pigolotti, Massimo Cencini

摘要:

物种数量(S)随取样面积(A)增加的一般趋势构成了生态学最强有力的经验法则之一,可通过物种-面积关系(SAR)进行量化。在许多生态系统中,SAR曲线显示幂律依赖性,$S\propto A^z$。指数$z$总是小于1,但在不同的生态系统中表现出显着的变化。我们研究的多类型的选民模型作为一个最简单的模型,能够再现SAR类似于在真实的生态系统中观察到的基本生态过程,如出生,扩散和物种形成。在该模型中,物种面积指数$z$取决于无量纲形态形成率$ν$,即使详细的依赖性仍然是有争议的问题。我们提出了广泛的数值模拟在广泛的范围内的形态形成率从$ν=10^{-3}$到$ν= 10^{-11}$,其中模型再现的指数值在自然界中观察到的。特别是,我们表明,种面积指数的倒数线性依赖于$ν$的对数。此外,我们将模型结果与从以前的研究中收集的现场数据进行比较,为此我们将物种形成率的影响与不同物种的寿命分开。我们发现,物种寿命的对数与反指数之间有很好的线性关系。然而,斜率设定的物种形成率的界限,很难在进化的基础上是合理的,这表明应考虑到额外的影响,以一致地解释所观察到的指数。

英文摘要:

The general tendency for species number (S) to increase with sampled area (A) constitutes one of the most robust empirical laws of ecology, quantified by species-area relationships (SAR). In many ecosystems, SAR curves display a power-law dependence, $S\propto A^z$. The exponent $z$ is always less than one but shows significant variation in different ecosystems. We study the multitype voter model as one of the simplest models able to reproduce SAR similar to those observed in real ecosystems in terms of basic ecological processes such as birth, dispersal and speciation. Within the model, the species-area exponent $z$ depends on the dimensionless speciation rate $ν$, even though the detailed dependence is still matter of controversy. We present extensive numerical simulations in a broad range of speciation rates from $ν=10^{-3}$ down to $ν= 10^{-11}$, where the model reproduces values of the exponent observed in nature. In particular, we show that the inverse of the species-area exponent linearly depends on the logarithm of $ν$. Further, we compare the model outcomes with field data collected from previous studies, for which we separate the effect of the speciation rate from that of the different species lifespans. We find a good linear relationship between inverse exponents and logarithm of species lifespans. However, the slope sets bounds on the speciation rates that can hardly be justified on evolutionary basis, suggesting that additional effects should be taken into account to consistently interpret the observed exponents.

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