Y. Nishimura
The first linear global electromagnetic gyrokinetic particle simulation on the excitation of toroidicity induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE) by energetic particles is reported. With an increase in the energetic particle pressure, the TAE frequency moves down into the lower continuum.
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Gyrokinetic investigation of toroidal Alfven eigenmode (TAE) turbulence
针对环向阿尔芬本征模（TAE）影响聚变等离子体性能的问题，本研究采用全回旋动理学方法，明确了TAE的驱动机制与饱和关键因素，并发现其非线性拍频现象或有助于托卡马克中的TAE探测。
Linear and nonlinear modelling of Alfvénic instabilities, most notably toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs), obtained by using the global nonlinear electromagnetic gyrokinetic model of the code ORB5 are presented for the 15 MA scenario of the ITER tokamak. Linear simulations show that elliptic Alfvén eigenmodes and odd-parity TAEs are only weakly damped but not excited by alpha particles, whose drive favours even-parity TAEs. Low mode number TAEs are found to be global, requiring global treatment. Nonlinearly, even with double the nominal EP density, single mode simulations lead to saturation wit…
Linear and nonlinear benchmark of gyrokinetic simulation of energetic particle driven toroidal Alfven eigenmodes in ITPA TAE benchmark case
本文在ITPA TAE基准案例中对TEK代码开展线性与非线性基准测试，其非线性结果与解析理论吻合，为未来代码间非线性基准提供了数据。
Gyrokinetic theory of toroidal Alfvén eigenmode saturation via nonlinear wave-wave coupling
本文证明了非线性回旋动理学理论是研究聚变等离子体中环向 Alfvén 本征模（TAE）非线性波波耦合过程（如带状场激发、频率级联和跨尺度耦合）的必要工具。
Energetic particles, Shafranov shift and finite $β$ effects on TAE, KBM and ITG instabilities in global electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations
本文研究了强动能梯度和小比例的融合生高能粒子对等离子体稳定性的影响，通过全球gyrokinetic代码ORB5分析了Alfvén特征模、离子温度梯度模和动能气球模的线性和非线性稳定性，探讨了Shafranov位移和有限β效应的作用。
2DESR: a two-dimensional Fourier-space gyrokinetic eigenvalue code for the ion-temperature-gradient modes in tokamaks
2DESR是一种用于托卡马克中离子温差梯度模的二维gyrokinetic 特征值求解器，通过极向傅里叶空间求解，并在绝热电子测试中与GENE和NLT代码对比验证。
Boundary plasma physics plays an important role in tokamak confinement, but is difficult to simulate in a gyrokinetic code due to the scale-inseparable nonlocal multi-physics in magnetic separatrix and open magnetic field geometry. Neutral particles are also an important part of the boundary plasma physics. In the present paper, noble electrostatic gyrokinetic techniques to simulate the flux-driven, low-beta electrostatic boundary plasma is reported. Gyrokinetic ions and drift-kinetic electrons are utilized without scale-separation between the neoclassical and turbulence dynamics. It is found …
This comment clarifies the relation of the research in a recently published article [Phys. Plasmas 14, 042503 (2007)] to other prior publications addressing the inclusion of electromagnetic and drift-kinetic electron physics in gyrokinetic simulation, raises a concern related to the inclusion of kinetic electrons in a system with magnetic shear, and discusses alternatives in the face of an important limitation on the general applicability of the algorithm described therein.
Recently, the electrostatic gyrokinetic Hamiltonian and change of coordinates have been computed to order $ε^2$ in general magnetic geometry. Here $ε$ is the gyrokinetic expansion parameter, the gyroradius over the macroscopic scale length. Starting from these results, the long-wavelength limit of the gyrokinetic Fokker-Planck and quasineutrality equations is taken for tokamak geometry. Employing the set of equations derived in the present article, it is possible to calculate the long-wavelength components of the distribution functions and of the poloidal electric field to order $ε^2$. These h…
Influence of plasma shaping on the parity of core-localized toroidal Alfvén eigenmode in an advanced tokamak configuration
研究了等离子体形状对先进托卡马克配置中核心局域环形阿尔法特征模奇偶性的影响，发现等离子体形状变化导致模式奇偶性由奇变偶。
Global electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations show the existence of near threshold conditions for both a high-$n$ kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) and an intermediate-$n$ kinetic version of peeling-ballooning mode (KPBM) in the edge pedestal of two DIII-D H-mode discharges. When the magnetic shear is reduced in a narrow region of steep pressure gradient, the KPBM is significantly stabilized, while the KBM is weakly destabilized and hence becomes the most-unstable mode. Collisions decrease the KBM's critical $β$ and increase the growth rate.
A poloidal tilting symmetry of the local nonlinear $δf$ gyrokinetic model is demonstrated analytically and verified numerically. This symmetry shows that poloidally rotating all the flux surface shaping effects with large poloidal mode number by a single tilt angle has an exponentially small effect on the transport properties of a tokamak. This is shown using a generalization of the Miller local equilibrium model to specify an arbitrary flux surface geometry. With this geometry specification we find that, when performing an expansion in large flux surface shaping mode number, the governing equ…
Transport barrier formation and its relation to sheared flows in fluids and plasmas are of fundamental interest in various natural and laboratory observations and of critical importance in achieving an economical energy production in a magnetic fusion device. Here we report the first observation of an edge transport barrier formation event in a gyrokinetic simulation carried out in a realistic tokamak edge geometry. The results show that turbulent Reynolds stress driven sheared ExB flows act in concert with neoclassical orbit loss to quench turbulent transport and form a transport barrier just…
Reassessing the impact of megaelectronvolt ions in fusion plasmas via gyrokinetic simulations
通过回旋动理学模拟重新评估兆电子伏离子对聚变等离子体湍流抑制的影响，指出Mazzi等人结果因模拟分辨率不足而失真，修正后热导率显著增加，质疑其性能增强结论。
Geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) are studied by means of the gyrokinetic global particle-in-cell code ORB5. Linear electromagnetic simulations in the low electron beta limit have been performed, in order to separate acoustic and Alfvénic time scales and obtain more accurate measurements. The dependence of the frequency and damping rate on several parameters such as the safety factor, the GAM radial wavenumber and the plasma elongation is studied. All simulations have been performed with kinetic electrons with realistic electron/ion mass ratio. Interpolating formulae for the GAM frequency and dam…
A 1-D linear gyrokinetic code called AWECS is developed to study the kinetic excitation of Alfvenic instabilities in a high-beta tokamak plasma, with beta being the ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure. It is designed to describe physics associated with a broad range of frequencies and wavelengths. For example, AWECS is capable of simulating kinetic ballooning modes, Alfvenic ion-temperature-gradient-driven modes, as well as Alfven instabilities due to energetic particles. In addition, AWECS may be used to study drift-Alfven instabilities in the low-beta regime. Here, the layout of the code a…
The linear dynamics of Alfven modes in tokamaks is investigated here by means of the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code NEMORB. The model equations are shown and the local shear Alfven wave dispersion relation is derived, recovering the continuous spectrum in the incompressible ideal MHD limit. A verification and benchmark analysis is performed for continuum modes in a cylinder and for toroidicity-induced Alfven Eigenmodes. Modes in a reversed-shear equilibrium are also investigated, and the dependence of the spatial structure in the poloidal plane on the equilibrium parameters is descri…
Kinetic-Ballooning-Limited Pedestals in Spherical Tokamak Plasmas
本文提出理论模型首次匹配NSTX台基Diallo标度实验，证明球形托卡马克台基约束由动理学气球模而非理想气球模限制，并建立回旋动理学临界台基约束及宽度-高度标度表达式。
Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) are gap modes induced by the toroidicity of tokamak plasmas in absence of continuum damping. They can be excited by energetic particles (EPs) when the EP drive exceeds other dampings. A TAE benchmark case, which was proposed by the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) group, is studied in this work. Numerical calculations of linear growth of TAEs driven by EPs in a circular-shaped, large aspect ratio tokamak have been performed using the Hybrid Kinetic-MHD (HK-MHD) model implemented in the NIMROD code. This HK-MHD model couples a delta f particle-in-c…
Constructing Field Aligned Coordinate Systems for Gyrokinetic Simulations of Tokamaks in X-point Geometries
提出一种避免磁X点奇点的算法，用于在标准磁场对齐坐标系中计算几何量，实现托卡马克核心区与刮削层的2D轴对称模拟，并通过STEP示例验证有效性。
In this work, we modify the standard flux tube simulation domain to include arbitrary ion gyroradius-scale variation in the radial profile of the safety factor. To determine how to appropriately include such a modification, we add a strong ion gyroradius-scale source (inspired by electron cyclotron current drive) to the Fokker-Planck equation, then perform a multi-scale analysis that distinguishes the fast electrons driven by the source from the slow bulk thermal electrons. This allows us to systematically derive the needed changes to the gyrokinetic model. We find new terms that adjust the io…
High frequency non-gyrokinetic turbulence at tokamak edge parameter
本文首次通过6D-Vlasov模拟托卡马克边缘参数下的高频离子伯恩斯坦波湍流，发现其输运与回旋动理学湍流相当，表明回旋动理学近似的限制主要源于计算成本而非物理本质。
Gyrokinetic theory of nonlinear mode coupling as a mechanism for toroidal Alfven eigenmode (TAE) saturation in the fusion plasma related parameter regime is presented, including 1) para- metric decay of TAE into lower kinetic TAE (LKTAE) and geodesic acoustic mode (GAM), and 2) enhanced TAE coupling to shear Alfven wave (SAW) continuum via ion induced scattering. Our theory shows that, for TAE saturation in the parameter range of practical interest, several processes with comparable scattering cross sections can be equally important.
Gyrokinetic simulation of the effect of transient fueling on plasma turbulence in ADITYA-U tokamak
通过气体注入抑制ADITYA-U托卡马克中被困电子模湍流，提高核心温度和能量约束时间，作为主动控制微湍流的方法。
A gyrokinetic model is presented that can properly describe strong flows, large and small amplitude electromagnetic fluctuations occurring on scale lengths ranging from the electron Larmor radius to the equilibrium perpendicular pressure gradient scale length, and large deviations from thermal equilibrium. The formulation of the gyrokinetic model is based on a second order description of the single charged particle dynamics, derived from Lie perturbation theory, where the fast particle gyromotion is decoupled from the slow drifts, assuming that the ratio of the ion sound Larmor radius to the p…
Spherical tokamaks (STs) have been shown to possess properties desirable for a fusion power plant such as achieving high plasma ? and having increased vertical stability. To understand the confinement properties that might be expected in the conceptual design for a high $β$ ST fusion reactor, a 1GW ST plasma equilibrium was analysed using local linear gyrokinetics to determine the type of micro-instabilities that arise. Kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) and micro-tearing modes (MTMs) are found to be the dominant instabilities. The parametric dependence of these linear modes was determined and fr…
The confinement of energetic particles (EP) is crucial for an efficient heating of tokamak plasmas. Plasma instabilities such as Alfven Eigenmodes (AE) can redistribute the EP population making the plasma heating less effective, and leading to additional loads on the walls. The nonlinear dynamics of toroidicity induced AE (TAE) is investigated by means of the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code ORB5, within the NEMORB project. The nonperturbative nonlinear interplay of TAEs and EP due to the wave-particle nonlinearity is studied. In particular, we focus on the nonlinear modification of th…
Energetic particles produced by neutral beams are observed to excite energetic-particle-driven geodesic acoustic modes (EGAMs) in tokamaks. We study the effects of anisotropy of distribution function of the energetic particles on the excitation of such instabilities with ORB5, a gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code. Numerical results are shown for linear electrostatic simulations with ORB5. The growth rate is found to be sensitively dependent on the phase-space shape of the distribution function. The behavior of the instability is qualitatively compared to the theoretical analysis of dispersion r…
Effects of plasma nonuniformity on toroidal Alfvén eigenmode nonlinear decay
该研究采用非线性回旋动理学方程分析非均匀等离子体中TAE参量衰变，揭示非均匀性增强耦合并改变自发衰变判据，同时探讨其对模式饱和与高能粒子输运的意义。
A High-order piecewise field-aligned triangular finite element method for electromagnetic gyrokinetic particle simulations of tokamak plasmas with open field lines
本文提出一种高阶分段场对齐三角有限元方法，用于高效模拟托卡马克等离子体中的电磁旋磁粒子-网格问题。
A gyrokinetic simulation of the influence of electron cyclotron current drive and ion kinetic effect on the m/n=2/1 tearing mode (TM) instabilities is presented in HL-2A and DIII-D tokamak configurations. The TM evolution is calculated with a finite mass electron model and the rf current source is obtained by ray-tracing and the Fokker-Planck method. The TMs are found to be perfectly stabilized by a continuous 1MW 68GHz X2-mode in HL-2A tokamak, while instabilities in the DIII-D discharge (with lower value of CR=I_{rf}/I_{0}, where Irf is the wave driven current and I0 is the equilibrium plasm…
In this paper, we extend the multiscale approach developed in [Abel et. al., Rep. Prog. Phys., submitted] by exploiting the scale separation between ions and the electrons. The gyrokinetic equation is expanded in powers of the electron to ion mass ratio, which provides a rigorous method for deriving the reduced electron model. We prove that ion-scale electromagnetic turbulence cannot change the magnetic topology, and argue that to lowest order the magnetic field lies on fluctuating flux surfaces. These flux surfaces are used to construct magnetic coordinates, and in these coordinates a closed …
Is Turbulence able to Generate Magnetic Islands in Tokamaks? Gyrokinetic Simulations of Turbulence-Driven Magnetic Islands in Toroidal Geometry
本研究利用环形几何中的陀螺动力学模拟，揭示微观不稳定性通过 E×B 流驱动重联并形成、合并磁岛的普适机制，且该机制不依赖微观不稳定性的宇称。
Understanding turbulent transport physics in the tokamak edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) is critical to developing a successful fusion reactor. The dynamics in these regions plays a key role in achieving high fusion performance by determining the edge pedestal that suppresses turbulence in H-mode. Additionally, the survivability of a reactor is set by the heat load to the vessel walls, making it important to understand turbulent spreading of heat as it flows along open magnetic field lines in the SOL. Large-amplitude fluctuations, magnetic X-point geometry, and plasma interactions with materia…
GX: a GPU-native gyrokinetic turbulence code for tokamak and stellarator design
GX是一个针对聚变反应堆设计优化的快速GPU原生回旋动理学湍流求解代码，采用全相空间伪谱离散化与径向局部通量管方法，可在数分钟内完成托卡马克和仿星器的湍流模拟。
Gyrokinetic simulations of neoclassical electron transport and bootstrap current generation in tokamak plasmas in the TRIMEG code
本研究在基于三角形网格的回旋动理学程序TRIMEG中实现简化洛伦兹碰撞算符，推导非结构化网格下的通量面平均计算方法，验证了其计算电子输运与自举电流的能力，为后续自洽纳入新经典效应奠定基础。
Verification and validation of the internal kink instability in tokamak have been performed for both gyrokinetic (GTC) and kinetic-MHD codes (GAM-solver, M3D-C1-K, NOVA, XTOR-K). Using realistic magnetic geometry and plasma profiles from the same equilibrium reconstruction of the DIII-D shot #141216, these codes exhibit excellent agreement for the growth rate and mode structure of the internal kink mode when all kinetic effects are suppresed. The simulated radial mode structures agree quantitatively with the electron cyclotron emission measurement after adjusting, within the experimental uncer…
On Nonlinear Scattering of Drift Wave by Toroidal Alfven Eigenmode in Tokamak Plasmas
本文以电子漂移波为范例，解析研究了托卡马克等离子体中其与环向阿尔芬本征模的直接波-波相互作用，发现TAE非线性散射对eDW稳定性的净效应可忽略，与反向过程存在显著差异。
The shear Alfvén continuum spectrum is studied for a tokamak with a single island chain using the ideal Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory. We have taken into account the toroidal geometry and toroidal mode coupling with the island considered as a highly-shaped stellarator. Various new frequency gaps open up inside the island due to its asymmetry both poloidally and toroidally, such as the Mirror-induced Alfvén Eigenmode (MAE) gap and the Helicity-induced Alfvén Eigenmode (HAE) gap. We have shown that the MAE gap acts as the continuation of the outside Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode (TAE) gap into t…
Gyrokinetic field theory is addressed in the context of a general Hamiltonian. The background magnetic geometry is static and axisymmetric, and all dependence of the Lagrangian upon dynamical variables is in the Hamiltonian or in free field terms. Equations for the fields are given by functional derivatives. The symmetry through the Hamiltonian with time and toroidal angle invariance of the geometry lead to energy and toroidal momentum conservation. In various levels of ordering against fluctuation amplitude, energetic consistency is exact. The role of this in underpinning of conservation laws…
Particle transport due to Ion Temperature Gradient/Trapped Electron (ITG/TE) mode turbulence is investigated using the gyrokinetic code GENE. Both a reduced quasilinear (QL) treatment and nonlinear (NL) simulations are performed for typical tokamak parameters corresponding to ITG dominated turbulence. A selfconsistent treatment is used, where the stationary local profiles are calculated corresponding to zero particle flux simultaneously for electrons and trace impurities. The scaling of the stationary profiles with magnetic shear, safety factor, electron-to-ion temperature ratio, collisionalit…
This paper combines results from a local gyrokinetic code with analytical theory to reconstruct the global eigenmode structure of the linearly unstable ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) mode with adiabatic electrons. The simulations presented here employ the s-$α$ tokamak equilibrium model. Local gyrokinetic calculations, using GS2 have been performed over a range of radial surfaces, x, and for ballooning phase angle, p, in the range -$π {\leq} p {\leqπ}$, to map out the complex local mode frequency, ${Ω_0(x, p) = ω_0(x, p) + iγ_0(x, p)}$. Assuming a quadratic radial profile for the drive, namely…
We present an energy-conserving discontinuous Galerkin scheme for the full-$f$ electromagnetic gyrokinetic system in the long-wavelength limit. We use the symplectic formulation and solve directly for $\partial A_\parallel/\partial t$, the inductive component of the parallel electric field, using a generalized Ohm's law derived directly from the gyrokinetic equation. Linear benchmarks are performed to verify the implementation and show that the scheme avoids the Ampère cancellation problem. We perform a nonlinear electromagnetic simulation in a helical open-field-line system as a rough model o…
The generation of intrinsic rotation by turbulence and neoclassical effects in tokamaks is considered. To obtain the complex dependences observed in experiments, it is necessary to have a model of the radial flux of momentum that redistributes the momentum within the tokamak in the absence of a preexisting velocity. When the lowest order gyrokinetic formulation is used, a symmetry of the model precludes this possibility, making small effects in the gyroradius over scale length expansion necessary. These effects that are usually small become important for momentum transport because the symmetry…
Compact formulas for bounce and transit orbit averaging of the fluctuation-amplitude eikonal factor in axisymmetric tokamak geometry, which is frequently encountered in bounce-gyrokinetic description of microturbulence, are given in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions and elliptic integrals. These formulas are readily applicable to the calculation of the neoclassical susceptibility in the framework of modern bounce-gyrokinetic theory. In the long-wavelength limit for axisymmetric electrostatic perturbations, we recover the expression for the Rosenbluth-Hinton residual zonal flow [Rosenbluth…
In this paper the global mode structures of linear ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) modes in tokamak plasmas are obtained by combining results from the local gyrokinetic code GS2 with analytical theory. Local gyrokinetic calculations, using GS2, are performed for a range of radial flux surfaces, ${x}$, and ballooning phase angles, ${p}$, to map out the local complex mode frequency, ${Ω_{0}(x,p)=ω_{0}(x,p)+iγ_{0}(x,p)}$ for a single toroidal mode number, ${n}$. Taylor expanding ${Ω_{0}}$ about ${x=0}$, and employing the Fourier-ballooning representation leads to a second order ODE for the amplitu…
Gyrokinetic Simulations for Spherical Tokamak Divertor Design
开发回旋动理学代码Gkeyll模拟球形托卡马克低再循环模式，证明无需锂偏滤器板即可实现高SOL温度和低SOL密度，并揭示动理学效应可降低偏滤器峰值热通量、限制杂质污染。
This paper presents a complete theoretical framework for plasma turbulence and transport in tokamak plasmas. The fundamental scale separations present in plasma turbulence are codified as an asymptotic expansion in the ratio of the gyroradius to the equilibrium scale length. Proceeding order-by-order in this expansion, a framework for plasma turbulence is developed. It comprises an instantaneous equilibrium, the fluctuations driven by gradients in the equilibrium quantities, and the transport-timescale evolution of mean profiles of these quantities driven by the fluctuations. The equilibrium d…
Upcoming tokamak experiments fueled with deuterium and tritium are expected to have large alpha particle populations. Such experiments motivate new attention to the theory of alpha particle confinement and transport. A key topic is the interaction of alphas with perturbations to the tokamak fields, including those from ripple and magnetohydrodynamic modes like Alfvén eigenmodes. These perturbations can transport alphas, leading to changed localization of alpha heating, loss of alpha power, and damage to device walls. Alpha interaction with these perturbations is often studied with single parti…
Spontaneous nonlinear excitation of geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) by toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) is investigated using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory. It is found that, the nonlinear decay process depends on thermal ion βvalue. Here, βis the plasma thermal to magnetic pressure ratio. In the low-βlimit, TAE decays into a GAM and a lower TAE sideband in the toroidicity induced shear Alfvén wave continuous spectrum gap; while in the high-βlimit, TAE decays into a GAM and a propagating kinetic TAE in the continuum. Both cases are investigated for the spontaneous decay conditions. The nonlinear sa…
T3ST code: Turbulent Transport in Tokamaks via Stochastic Trajectories
本研究提出T3ST程序，采用与回旋动力学互补的统计方法，通过带湍流和库仑碰撞考量的测试粒子法及合成随机场表征，以拉格朗日相关量计算托卡马克湍流输运系数，速度远快于传统回旋动力学程序。
Generation of zonal ow (ZF) by energetic particle (EP) driven toroidal Alfven eigenmode (TAE) is investigated using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory. It is found that, nonlinear resonant EP contri- bution dominates over the usual Reynolds and Maxwell stresses due to thermal plasma nonlinear response. ZF can be forced driven in the linear growth stage of TAE, with the growth rate being twice the TAE growth rate. The ZF generation mechanism is shown to be related to polarization induced by resonant EP nonlinearity. The generated ZF has both the usual meso-scale and micro- scale radial structures. Po…
XGC (X-point Gyrokinetic Code) is a whole-volume, total-f gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code developed for modelling tokamaks. In recent work, XGC has been extended to model more general 3D toroidal magnetic configurations, such as stellarators. These improvements have resulted in the XGC-S version. In this paper, XGC-S is benchmarked for linear electrostatic ion temperature gradient-driven microinstabilities, which can underlie turbulent transport in stellarators. An initial benchmark of XGC-S in tokamak geometry shows good agreement with the XGC1, ORB5, and global GENE codes. A benchmark betw…
Validation of the GFS model for Gyrokinetic Stability of NSTX Pedestal Data
本研究针对NSTX装置H模式边缘输运垒，通过大规模数据库验证了GFS模型的线性回旋动理学稳定性分析能力，利用贝叶斯优化确定分辨率参数，表明优化后的GFS能以较低分辨率准确识别KBM、TEM和MTM等不稳定性分支。
Internal kink instabilities have been studied in straight tokamak geometry employing an electromagnetic gyrokinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The ideal-MHD internal kink mode and the collisionless $m = 1$ tearing mode have been successfully simulated with the PIC code. Diamagnetic effects on the internal kink modes have also been investigated.
The XGC1 edge gyrokinetic code is used for a high fidelity prediction for the width of the heat-flux to divertor plates in attached plasma condition. The simulation results are validated against the empirical scaling $λ_q \propto B_P^{-γ}$ obtained from present tokamak devices, where $λ_q$ is the divertor heat-flux width mapped to the outboard midplane and $γ_q=1.19$ as defined by T. Eich et al. [Nucl. Fusion 53 (2013) 093031], and $B_P$ is the magnitude of the poloidal magnetic field at outboard midplane separatrix surface. This empirical scaling predicts $λ_q \leq 1mm$ when extrapolated to I…
A two-fold analysis of electromagnetic core tokamak instabilities in the framework of the gyrokinetic theory is presented. First principle theoretical foundations of the gyrokinetic theory are used to explain and justify the numerical results obtained with the global electromagnetic particle-in-cell code Orb5 whose model is derived from the Lagrangian formalism. The energy conservation law corresponding to the Orb5 model is derived from the Noether theorem and implemented in the code as a diagnostics for energy balance and conservation verification. An additional Noether theorem based diagnost…
Electromagnetic turbulence is addressed in tokamak and stellarator plasmas with the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell codes ORB5 [E. Lanti et al, Comp. Phys. Comm, vol. 251, 107072 (2020)] and EUTERPE [V. Kornilov et al, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 11, 3196 (2004)]. The large-aspect-ratio tokamak, down-scaled ITER, and Wendelstein 7-X geometries are considered. The main goal is to increase the plasma beta, the machine size, the ion-to-electron mass ratio, as well as to include realistic-geometry features in such simulations. The associated numerical requirements and the computational cost for the ca…
Intrinsic momentum transport driven by almost-rational surfaces in tokamak plasmas
研究发现当安全因子q接近有理数且磁剪切接近零时，局部回旋动理学模型的对称性被打破，导致湍流动量输运驱动等离子体自发旋转，该机制显著强于其他内禀旋转驱动，并产生内禀电流将q拉向有理值，可能有助于非感应电流驱动和内输运垒触发。
It is shown that a considerable improvement in the global gyrokinetic electromagnetic simulations can be achieved by a slight modification of the simulation scheme. The new scheme is verified, simulating a Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode in tokamak geometry at low perpendicular mode numbers, the so-called "MHD limit". Also, an electromagnetic drift mode has been successfully simulated in a stellarator.
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