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arXiv 0812.1049hep-thhep-ph
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以太的不稳定

Instabilities in the Aether

Sean M. Carroll, Timothy R. Dulaney, Moira I. Gresham, Heywood Tam

摘要:

我们研究了洛伦兹不变性被固定范数向量以太场自发破坏的理论的稳定性。具有一般动力学项的模型受到幽灵或快子的困扰,因此在物理上是不可接受的。精确地说,有三个动力学项不是明显不稳定的:西格玛模型$(\partial_μA_ν)2$、麦克斯韦拉格朗日方程$F_{μν}F^{μν}$和标量拉格朗日方程$(\partial_μA^μ)2$。当向量范数由约束固定时,类时西格玛模型的情况是定义良好且稳定的;然而,当它由最小化势来确定时,必然存在快子鬼,因此是不稳定的。在麦克斯韦和标量的情况下,哈密顿量是无界的,但在微扰理论的水平有较少的自由度和模型是稳定的。然而,在这两种理论中,对于某些初始数据的选择,平滑演化存在障碍。

英文摘要:

We investigate the stability of theories in which Lorentz invariance is spontaneously broken by fixed-norm vector "aether" fields. Models with generic kinetic terms are plagued either by ghosts or by tachyons, and are therefore physically unacceptable. There are precisely three kinetic terms that are not manifestly unstable: a sigma model $(\partial_μA_ν)2$, the Maxwell Lagrangian $F_{μν}F^{μν}$, and a scalar Lagrangian $(\partial_μA^μ)2$. The timelike sigma-model case is well-defined and stable when the vector norm is fixed by a constraint; however, when it is determined by minimizing a potential there is necessarily a tachyonic ghost, and therefore an instability. In the Maxwell and scalar cases, the Hamiltonian is unbounded below, but at the level of perturbation theory there are fewer degrees of freedom and the models are stable. However, in these two theories there are obstacles to smooth evolution for certain choices of initial data.

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