We present a computer algebra approach to proving identities on Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials by using the extended Zeilberger's algorithm given by Chen, Hou and Mu. The key idea is to use the contour integral definitions of the Bernoulli and Euler numbers to establish recurrence relations on the integrands. Such recurrence relations have certain parameter free properties which lead to the required identities without computing the integrals.
We use both Abel's lemma on summation by parts and Zeilberger's algorithm to find recurrence relations for definite summations. The role of Abel's lemma can be extended to the case of linear difference operators with polynomial coefficients. This approach can be used to verify and discover identities involving harmonic numbers and derangement numbers. As examples, we use the Abel-Zeilberger algorithm to prove the Paule-Schneider identities, the Apery-Schmidt-Strehl identity, Calkin's identity and some identities involving Fibonacci numbers.
This paper studies Zeilberger's two prized constant term identities. For one of the identities, Zeilberger asked for a simple proof that may give rise to a simple proof of Andrews theorem for the number of totally symmetric self complementary plane partitions. We obtain an identity reducing a constant term in $2k$ variables to a constant term in $k$ variables. As applications, Zeilberger's constant terms are converted to single determinants. The result extends for two classes of matrices, the sum of all of whose full rank minors is converted to a single determinant. One of the prized constant …
We present a systematic method for proving nonterminating basic hypergeometric identities. Assume that $k$ is the summation index. By setting a parameter $x$ to $xq^n$, we may find a recurrence relation of the summation by using the $q$-Zeilberger algorithm. This method applies to almost all nonterminating basic hypergeometric summation formulas in the book of Gasper and Rahman. Furthermore, by comparing the recursions and the limit values, we may verify many classical transformation formulas, including the Sears-Carlitz transformation, transformations of the very-well-poised $_8ϕ_7$ series, t…
In this paper, we obtain a generalization of an identity due to Carlitz on Bernoulli polynomials. Then we use this generalized formula to derive two symmetric identities which reduce to some known identities on Bernoulli polynomials and Bernoulli numbers, including the Miki identity.
In this paper we obtain several new identities for Bernoulli and Euler polynomials; some of them extend Miki's and Matiyasevich's identities. Our new method involves differences and derivatives of polynomials.
We derive several symmetric identities for Bernoulli and Euler polynomials which imply some known identities. Our proofs depend on the new technique developed in part I and some identities obtained in [European J. Combin. 24(2003), 709--718].
While there are many identities involving the Euler and Bernoulli numbers, they are usually proved analytically or inductively. We prove two identities involving Euler and Bernoulli numbers with combinatorial reasoning via up-down permutations.
We consider the $1$-dimensional reflected Brownian motion and $3$-dimensional Bessel process and the general models. By decomposing the hitting times of consecutive sites into loops, we obtain identities, called loop identities, for the generating functions of the hitting times. After proving this decomposition both combinatorially and inductively, we consider the case that sites are equally distributed. Then, from loop identities, we derive expressions of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, in terms of Euler polynomials of higher-orders.
We establish two general identities for Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, which are of a new type and have many consequences. The most striking result in this paper is as follows: If $n$ is a positive integer, $r+s+t=n$ and $x+y+z=1$, then we have $$rF(s,t;x,y)+sF(t,r;y,z)+tF(r,s;z,x)=0$$ where $$F(s,t;x,y):=\sum_{k=0}^n(-1)^k\binom{s}{k}\binom{t}{n-k}B_{n-k}(x)B_k(y).$$ This symmetric relation implies the curious identities of Miki and Matiyasevich as well as some new identities for Bernoulli polynomials such as $$\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k}^2B_k(x)B_{n-k}(x)=2\sum^n\Sb k=0 k\not=n-1\endSb\binom{…
We derive two new identities involving the Bernoulli numbers, the Euler numbers, and the Stirling numbers of the first kind using analytic continuation of a well known identity for the Stirling numbers of the first kind.
In here, I present a series of combinatorial equalities derived using a graph based approach. Different nodes in the graphs are visited following probabilistic dynamics of a moving dot. The results are presented in such a way that the generalisation (to more nodes, or dimensions) is straightforward. At an instant m, we "take a picture" of the system and we compute the probabilities of being at particular positions in space. The sum of all these probabilities is equal to one.
In this article, we introduce combinatorial models for poly-Bernoulli polynomials and poly-Euler numbers of both kinds. As their applications, we provide combinatorial proofs of some identities involving poly-Bernoulli polynomials.
In this paper, we present a formula for generating various exotic series in the spirit of Ovidiu Furdui and Alina Sintamarian. Our new series (evaluated in closed form) involve Bernoulli, harmonic, and Catalan numbers. Also Stirling numbers of the second kind, other special numbers, and exponential polynomials. The results include series identities with Laguerre polynomials and derangement polynomials.
We present a concise explicit expression for the heat trace coefficients of spheres. Our formulas yield certain combinatorial identities which are proved following ideas of D. Zeilberger. In particular, these identities allow to recover in a surprising way some known formulas for the heat trace asymptotics. Our approach is based on a method for computation of heat invariants developed in math.DG/9905073.
We study matrices which transform the sequence of Fibonacci or Lucas polynomials with even index to those with odd index and vice versa. They turn out to be intimately related to generalized Stirling numbers and to Bernoulli, Genocchi and tangent numbers and give rise to various identities between these numbers. There is also a close connection with the Akiyama-Tanigawa algorithm.
We evaluate the Hankel determinants of various sequences related to Bernoulli and Euler numbers and special values of the corresponding polynomials. Some of these results arise as special cases of Hankel determinants of certain sums and differences of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, while others are consequences of a method that uses the derivatives of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. We also obtain Hankel determinants for sequences of sums and differences of powers and for generalized Bernoulli polynomials belonging to certain Dirichlet characters with small conductors. Finally, we collect a…
The object of this paper is to introduce and study properties of unified Apostol-Bernoulli and Apostol-Euler polynomials noted by $\left\{\mathfrak{V_{n}}(x;λ;μ)\right\}_{n \geq 0}$. We study some arithmetic properties of $\left\{\mathfrak{V_{n}}(x;λ;μ)\right\}_{n \geq 0}$ as their connection to Apostol-Euler polynomials and Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials. Also, we give derivation and integration representations of $\left\{\mathfrak{V_{n}}(x;λ;μ)\right\}_{n \geq 0}$. Finally, we use the umbral calculus approach to deduce symmetric identities.
In 2010, Kh. Hessami Pilehrood and T. Hessami Pilehrood introduced generating function identities used to obtain series accelerations for values of Dirichlet's $β$ function, via the Markov--Wilf--Zeilberger method. Inspired by these past results, together with related results introduced by Chu et al., we introduce a variety of hypergeometric recurrences. We prove these recurrences using the WZ method, and we apply these recurrences to obtain series acceleration identities. We introduce a family of summations generalizing a Ramanujan-type series for $\frac{1}{π^2}$ due to Guillera, and a family…
We introduce new generalizations of the Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchi polynomials and numbers based on the Carlitz-Tsallis degenerate exponential function and concepts of the Umbral Calculus associated with it. Also, we present generalizations of some familiar identities and connection between these kinds of Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchi polynomials. Moreover, we establish a new analogue of the Euler identity for the degenerate Bernoulli numbers.
We define the Bernoulli polynomials with a $q$ parameter in terms of $r$-Whitney numbers of the second kind. Some algebraic properties and combinatorial identities of these polynomials are given. Also, we obtain several relations between the Cauchy and Bernoulli polynomials with a $q$ parameter in terms of $r$-Whitney numbers of both kinds.
In the recent article arXiv:1606.03351, Apagodu and Zeilberger discuss some applications of an algorithm for finding and proving congruence identities (modulo primes) of indefinite sums of many combinatorial sequence. At the end they propose some supercongruences as conjectures. Here we prove one of them and we leave some remarks for the others.
We express the Nörlund polynomials in terms of the second-order Eulerian numbers. Based on this expression, we derive several identities related to the Bernoulli numbers. In particular, we present a short proof of the problem raised by Rzcadkowski and Urlińska.
In 1982 Macdonald published his now famous constant term conjectures for classical root systems. This paper begins with the almost trivial observation that Macdonald's constant term identities admit an extra set of free parameters, thereby linking them to Poincare polynomials. We then exploit these extra degrees of freedom in the case of type A to give the first proof of Kadell's orthogonality conjecture---a symmetric function generalisation of the q-Dyson conjecture or Zeilberger-Bressoud theorem. Key ingredients in our proof of Kadell's orthogonality conjecture are the polynomial lemma of Ka…
A sequence inverse relationship can be defined by a pair of infinite inverse matrices. If the pair of matrices are the same, they define a dual relationship. Here presented is a unified approach to construct dual relationships via pseudo-involution of Riordan arrays. Then we give four dual relationships for Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers, from which the corresponding dual sequences of Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials are constructed. Some applications in the construction of identities of Bernoulli numbers and polynomials and Euler numbers and polynomials are discussed based on …
Recently, Komastu introduced the concept of poly-Cauchy numbers and polynomials which generalize Cauchy numbers and polynomials. In this paper, we introduce new generaliza- tion of poly-Cauchy and poly-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. Also, we introduce new generalizations of Cauchy numbers and polynomials. Moreover, we derive some identities involving the new numbers and polynomials and some types of Stirling numbers. These gives generalization of some relations poly-Cauchy and poly-Bernoulli numbers and poly- nomials. Furthermore, we obtain some relations between the multiparameter poly-Ca…
By using Cauchy's formula, it is known that Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers can be represented by the contour integrals \begin{equation*} \begin{aligned} B_n&=\frac{n!}{2πi}\oint \frac{z}{e^z-1}\frac{d z}{z^{n+1}},\label{condefi}\\[4pt] E_n&=\frac{n!}{2πi}\oint \frac{2e^z}{e^{2z}+1}\frac{d z}{z^{n+1}}, \end{aligned} \end{equation*} while the following Witt's formula represents Euler polynomials through the fermionic $p$-adic integrals $$E_n(a)=\int_{\mathbb Z_p}(x+a)^ndμ_{-1}(x).$$ Base on the above Witt's identity and the binomial theorem, we prove some new identities for the Euler polyno…
In the present paper combinatorial identities involving q-dual sequences or polynomials with coefficients q-dual sequences are derived. Further, combinatorial identities for q-binomial coefficients(Gaussian coefficients), q-Stirling numbers and q-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials are deduced.
We present a method to prove hypergeometric double summation identities. Given a hypergeometric term $F(n,i,j)$, we aim to find a difference operator $ L=a_0(n) N^0 + a_1(n) N^1 +...+a_r(n) N^r $ and rational functions $R_1(n,i,j),R_2(n,i,j)$ such that $ L F = Δ_i (R_1 F) + Δ_j (R_2 F)$. Based on simple divisibility considerations, we show that the denominators of $R_1$ and $R_2$ must possess certain factors which can be computed from $F(n, i,j)$. Using these factors as estimates, we may find the numerators of $R_1$ and $R_2$ by guessing the upper bounds of the degrees and solving systems of l…
