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arXiv 0809.4202q-bio.PE
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进化物理学:没有适应性的选择

Physics of Evolution: Selection without Fitness

Rudolf Hanel, Stefan Thurner

摘要:

传统上,进化被看作是一个过程,在这个过程中,从一个种群(例如生物物种或工业产品)的可能变异中,少数变异被选择出来生存和增殖,而其他变异则消失了。生存概率通常与特定变异的“适应性”相关联。在本文中,我们认为,健身的概念是一个后验的概念,在这个意义上说,人们可以分配更高的健身生存的物种,但一般不能派生或甚至测量健身-或适应度景观-本身。基于这个原因,我们认为在进化的“物理”理论中应该避免这种观念。本着这种精神,在这里,我们提出了一个随机矩阵模型的进化选择机制编码在物种的相互作用矩阵。我们能够恢复进化动力学的一些关键事实,如间断平衡,即存在内在的大规模的进化事件,同时,戏剧性的多样化时期,如已知的,例如从化石记录。此外,我们评论的两个基本的技术问题的“物理学的演变”,其相空间的非封闭性和共同发展的边界条件的问题,显然在所有系统的演变。

英文摘要:

Traditionally evolution is seen as a process where from a pool of possible variations of a population (e.g. biological species or industrial goods) a few variations get selected which survive and proliferate, whereas the others vanish. Survival probability is typically associated with the 'fitness' of a particular variation. In this paper we argue that the notion of fitness is an a posteriori concept, in the sense that one can assign higher fitness to species that survive but one can generally not derive or even measure fitness - or fitness landscapes - per se. For this reason we think that in a 'physical' theory of evolution such notions should be avoided. In this spirit, here we propose a random matrix model of evolution where selection mechanisms are encoded in the interaction matrices of species. We are able to recover some key facts of evolution dynamics, such as punctuated equilibrium, i.e. the existence of intrinsic large extinctions events, and, at the same time, periods of dramatic diversification, as known e.g. from fossil records. Further, we comment on two fundamental technical problems of a 'physics of evolution', the non-closedness of its phase space and the problem of co-evolving boundary conditions, apparent in all systems subject to evolution.

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